Arbitration — Jurisdiction — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Part XV and Annex VII — Dispute Settlement Mechanism — Existence of a dispute — UNCLOS Article 288(1) — Extent of jurisdiction — Whether extending to allegations of breaches of human rights

Arbitration — Admissibility — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Part XV and Annex VII — Standing of flag State to invoke responsibility of coastal State — UNCLOS Article 49(3) — Diplomatic protection — Exhaustion of local remedies — Whether applicant’s claims being preponderantly for direct or indirect injury — Effect of settlement agreement between respondent and third party — Requirement to exchange views — UNCLOS Article 283

Arbitration — Applicable law — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 — Part XV and Annex VII — Whether arbitration tribunal empowered to apply international human rights law — UNCLOS Article 293 — Requirement of reasonableness — Necessity and proportionality — UNCLOS Article 300 — Good faith — Abuse of rights

Damages — Compensation — Material damage for lost earnings, value of cargo, payment to secure release of vessel, vessel repairs, classification expenses, administrative expenses, reputational losses — Non-material damage for prosecution and detention of persons — Quantum of compensation deferred — Declaratory judgment — Finding of wrongful conduct — No formal apology required

Environment — Marine pollution — UNCLOS Article 225 — Risk to marine environment — Ship-to-ship transfer of oil

Sea — Archipelagic waters — UNCLOS Article 49(3) — Sovereignty of coastal State — Right of coastal State to enforce domestic law — Measures must be reasonable — Principles of necessity and proportionality apply

Sea — Arrest and detention of vessel — UNCLOS Article 94 — Right of flag State to notice of arrest and detention

Sea — Innocent passage — UNCLOS Article 25(1) — Right of coastal State to prevent non-innocent passage — Inapplicability to vessel not engaged in passage

Sea — Territorial sea — UNCLOS Articles 2(3) and 49(3) — Distinction between enforcement jurisdiction of coastal State in territorial sea and in archipelagic waters