International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Presumption that Parliament does not intend to legislate contrary to treaty obligations — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms, 1950 — The law of England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Enforcement — Position of treaties in English municipal law — Presumption that Parliament does not intend to legislate contrary to treaty obligations — Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — The law of England

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Retroactive effect of penal legislation — Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the General Assembly of the United Nations, 1948 — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, Article 7 — Immigration Act 1971 — Sections 24 ad 26 — The law aof England