Arbitration — Jurisdiction — Admissibility — Treaties — North American Free Trade Agreement, 1994 — Treaty interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Effet utile doctrine — Whether one treaty interpretation technique dominating others

Arbitration — Consent to arbitration — North American Free Trade Agreement, 1994 (“NAFTA”) — Pre-arbitration requirements under Article 1119 — Whether consent to arbitration conditioned upon fulfilment of Article 1119 requirements — Notice of intent — Purpose of notice of intent under Article 1119 of NAFTA — Whether defect in notice of intent vitiating consent under Article 1122 of NAFTA — Whether pre-arbitration procedural matters jurisdictional or admissibility issues — Standard and scope of review of tribunals’ decisions — International Commercial Arbitration Act 2017

Treaties — Interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Article 31(3) — Legal submissions as subsequent practice — Whether NAFTA Parties’ legal submission constituting subsequent practice under Article 31(3)(b) of Vienna Convention — Definition of subsequent practice — Jurisdictional error

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — North American Free Trade Agreement, 1994 — Decisions of international courts and tribunals — Decisions of Ontario Court of Appeal — Whether binding — Review of international arbitration awards — International Commercial Arbitration Act 2017 — Whether international arbitration tribunals acting within their authority — The law of Canada