Aliens — Asylum applicant — Determination of refugee status — Exclusion from protection due to commission of international crimes — Membership of organization that has committed international crimes not sufficient

International criminal law — Individual responsibility — Joint criminal enterprise — War crimes — Crimes against humanity

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Refugee or Person in Need of International Protection (Qualification) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/2525) — United Kingdom domestic law

Treaties — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia, 1993 — Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1998 — Council Directive 2004/83/EC (“Qualification Directive”) — The law of England