International tribunals — International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (“ITLOS”) — Preliminary objections — Jurisdiction — Existence of a dispute — Whether dispute concerning interpretation or application of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (“UNCLOS”) — Whether Italy appropriate respondent in proceedings — Whether Spain an indispensable Party — “Monetary Gold” principle — European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, 1959 — Exchange of views under Article 283 of UNCLOS — Admissibility — Whether Panama’s claim an exercise of diplomatic protection — Nationality of M/V “Norstar” — Whether local remedies exhausted prior to filing a case with ITLOS — Whether Panama acquiescing in Italy’s conduct — Whether Panama estopped from bringing a claim against Italy — Extinctive prescription

Sea — Invocation by Panama of Articles 92 and 97 of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (“UNCLOS”) following judgment on preliminary objections — Claim relating to alleged human rights violations — Article 87 of UNCLOS — Freedom of navigation — Whether Italy’s Decree of Seizure concerning activities carried out on Italian territory — Location of the vessel’s activities — Whether Italian law considering bunkering to be an offence under criminal law — Article 300 of UNCLOS — Link between Article 300 and Article 87 — Good faith — Whether any factor indicating Italy’s lack of good faith in dealing with the vessel and Panama — Reparation — Restitution — Compensation — Causation of damage — Proof of causation — Whether chain of causation broken — Duty to mitigate damages — Quantification of damages — Interest — Costs