Jurisdiction — Extraterritoriality — Alien Tort Statute 1789 — Whether applying extraterritorially — Presumption against extraterritoriality — Whether applicable to allegations of torture — Personal cause of action — Separation of powers

Human rights — Enforcement — Actions in domestic courts — Prohibition of torture — Alien Tort Statute 1789 — Whether applicable to acts of torture allegedly committed outside the United States

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Jurisdiction — Claims in courts of one State for alleged violations of international law in territory of another State — Alien Tort Statute 1789 — The law of the United States