Human rights — Torture — Nature of rule prohibiting torture — Whether a rule of jus cogens — Consequences of prohibition — Whether “trumping” other rules of international law — State immunity — Civil proceedings against foreign State for torture — Courts of forum State holding defendant State immune — Whether recognition of immunity a violation of prohibition of torture — Whether a violation of right of access to courts — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 3, 6 and 13

State immunity — Jurisdiction — Exceptions to immunity — Whether international law denies immunity in cases of torture — Distinction between civil and criminal proceedings