An increasingly long list of people have read and commented on this paper through several versions over the past two years. I particularly thank Sam Baily, Mary Cygan, Nancy Green, Dirk Hoerder, Franca Iacovetta, George Pozzetta, and especially Fraser Ottanelli for fine conversations, good quesions, and encouragement.

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35. Baily, Samuel L., “The Future of Italian-American Studies: An Historian's Approach to Research in the Coming Decade”, in Italian Americans: New Perspectives in Italian Immigration and Ethnicity, ed. Tomasi, Lydio (New York, 1985), 193–201;Google Scholaridem, “Cross-Cultural Comparisons and the Writing of Migration History: Some Thoughts on How to Study Italians in the New World”, in Immigration Reconsidered: History, Sociology, and Politics, ed. McLaughlin, Virginia Yans (New York, 1990), 241–53.Google Scholar

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51. Gabaccia, “Class and Culture”; Montgomery, Fall of the House of Labor, ch. 2.

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70. Zeffiro Ciuffoletti, “Il movimento sindacale Italiano e l'emigrazione dalle origini al fascismo”, in Bezza, Gli Italiani fuori d'Italia, 214.

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74. Rosada, Giacinto Menotti Serrati, 25–45; Eschelman, “Forging a Socialist Women's Movement”, 49–51.

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80. I include this statement more as a challenge to scholars than as a demonstrated pattern. For the limited available evidence, see Gabaccia, “Class and Culture”.

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