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3. Utley, Frontier Regulars, 22–23, 80–85; Knight, Life and Manners, 163–170. On the composition of state militias, see Hannah, Eleanor, Manhood, Citizenship, and the National Guard: Illinois, 1870–1917 (Columbus, 2007), 217–18Google Scholar; and Hunt, Geoffrey R., Colorado's Volunteer Infantry in the Philippine Wars, 1898–1899 (Albuquerque, 2006), 44–45Google Scholar. Quotations are from Army and Navy Journal, January 13, 1883, 526, quoted in Knight, 222 and 71.

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5. Utley, Frontier Regulars, 818–22, 31–32; Knight, Life and Manners, 71–77, 222.

6. Frederic Remington, “Chicago Under the Mob,” Harper's Weekly, July 21, 1894, 680–81; “Chicago Under the Law,” Harper's Weekly, July 28, 1894, 703–5 (quotations from 703); “The Withdrawal of U.S. Troops,” Harper's Weekly, August 11, 1894, 748. See also Hassrick, Peter, “Frederic Remington the Painter: A Historiographical Sketch,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 46 (Summer 1996): 18–35Google Scholar.

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10. “Mutinous Michigan Militia” and “National Guard in Active Service,” Army and Navy Journal, July 21, 1894, 832; “Worthless National Guardsmen” and “Knights of Labor as Militiamen,” Army and Navy Journal, July 28, 1894, 850. “The New Rebellion,” Army and Navy Journal, July 7, 1894, 789. Quotations are from “The New Rebellion.” When volunteers were scarce, federal marshals conscripted the help they needed. In Little Rock, Arkansas, for example, J. W. Deslion, was summoned to federal court, sworn in for a five-day stint as a deputy marshal, and assigned to duty as a railroad watchman. When his service was up, the marshal's office declined to pay him, instead referring him to the railroad. See J. W. Deslion to Attorney General [Richard] Olney, July 17, 1894, U.S. Justice Department, Strike Files, Subfile 9, July 2, 1894-April 26, 1895.

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16. Coleman, Voices of Wounded Knee, 237, 241. Coleman's Voices is by far the best narrative history of the “Sioux War” and the massacre at Wounded Knee. Unless I note otherwise, my account of these events derives from Coleman's. Quotation is from Remington, “Chicago Under the Law,” 703. On the Sioux War of 1876 and the Army's defeat at Little Bighorn, see Utley, Frontier Regulars, 246–62.

17. Colby, L.W., “The Sioux Indian War of 1890–1891,” Transactions and Reports of the Nebraska State Historical Society 3 (1892): 144–90Google Scholar; quotation is from 156–57. Regarding disputes over the death toll, see Coleman, Voices of Wounded Knee, 354–57.)

18. Miles, Nelson A., “The Future of the Indian Question,” The North American Review 152 (January 1891), 7Google Scholar; “Relieving Colonel Forsyth,” Army and Navy Journal, January 10, 1891, 329; “The Seventh Cavalry Defended,” Army and Navy Journal, January 17, 1891, 354; “Official Reports of the Wounded Knee Affair,” Army and Navy Journal, January 24, 1891, 366. Quotations are from “Official Reports,” “Relieving Colonel Forsyth,” and “The Seventh Cavalry Defended.”

19. Green, Jerry, ed., After Wounded Knee: Correspondence of Major and Surgeon John Vance Lauderdale While Serving With the Army Occupying the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, 1890–1891 (East Lansing, MI, 1996), 38–39Google Scholar; Coleman, Voices of Wounded Knee, 378; Miles, Nelson A., Serving the Republic: Memoirs of the Civil and Military Life of Nelson A. Miles, Lieutenant-General, United States Army (New York, 1911): 246–47Google Scholar.

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30. “The Guard and the Regulars,” Army and Navy Journal, July 21, 1894, 833; War Department, Annual Report, 126; Remington, “Chicago Under the Mob,” 681; Prentiss, History of the Utah Volunteers, 108.

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40. Schofield, Forty-Six Years in the Army, 492–509; quotations from 495 and 508.

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