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3. In keeping with Przeworski and others, “workers” and “labor” refer by and large to what are called in the United States “blue-collar workers,” involved principally in manufacturing and the “secondary sector” more generally.

4. Katznelson, Ira and Zolberg, Aristide, eds., Working Class Formation: Nineteenth Century Patterns in Western Europe and North America (Princeton, 1986).Google Scholar

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7. Center for European Studies, Welfare in a Civil Society (Vienna, 1994), 266–67.Google Scholar

8. I am here applying the analysis of North, Douglass C. and Robert, Paul Thomas, The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History (London, 1973).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9. Hamilton, Richard, Affluence and the French Worker in the Fourth Republic (Princeton, 1967). It should be noted that this study was based on survey research conducted in 1956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10. Przeworski, Adam and Sprague, John, Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism (Chicago, 1986), 38, 40.Google Scholar

11. Ibid., Table 2.5, 39.

12. The concept is borrowed from Jim Scott.

13. Przeworski and Sprague, Paper Stones, 184.

14. Ibid., 185.

15. Thomas, Brinley, Migration and Economic Growth: A Study of the Atlantic Economy (London, 1973).Google Scholar

16. This was expressed by Keir Hardie at the constitutive meeting of the Second International. Joll, James, The Second International, 1889–1914 (New York, 1966), 37.Google Scholar

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18. The New York Council on Foreign Relations, largely reflecting the outlook of American high finance, played a key role in elaborating and disseminating this doctrine. See Kirshner, Orrin, “The Mounting Difficulties of World Trade Leadership: The Politics of American Trade Policy since World War II” (Ph.D. diss., New School for Social Research, 1994).Google Scholar

19. In this regard, the key work is Schumpeter's, Joseph contemporaneous Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York, 1949).Google Scholar

20. Ruggie, John G., “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order,” in International Regimes, ed. Krasner, Stephen D. (Ithaca, 1983);Google ScholarMaier, Charles, In Search of Stability (Cambridge, 1987), 121–52.Google Scholar

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23. Marshall, T.H., Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (Chicago, 1977; orig. 1964).Google Scholar