Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T13:59:16.090Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Storage insect pests of cereal in small scale farming community and their control

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

J. Allotey
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Get access

Abstract

The small scale farming communities own and store much of the cereals they produce. Various aspects of the infestation problem encountered with insect pests of stored cereals have been examined to illustrate the current status of the pest. Reduction of food losses could be effected during producer, consumer and export storage. However, effective management of pest species requires thorough knowledge of the biology and the ecosystem they inhabit. The current management strategies directed against these pests have been examined.

Résumé

Les petites échelles communautés agriculture possèdent et emmagasinent beaucoup de céréales qu'elles produisent. Divers aspects des problèmes d'infestation recontraient avec les insectes nuisibles des céréales emmagasinées étaient examinés pour illustrer le statut courant de l'insecte nuisible. Réduction des pertes de la nourriture pouvait effectuée pendant emmagasinage de producteur, emmagasinage de consommateur et emmagasinage pour exportation. Cependant administration efficace des espèces nuisibles demandent connaissance approfondie de la biologie et l'écosystème qu'elles habitent. Les stratègies courantes d'administration dirigées contre ces insectes nuisible étaient examinées.

Type
Part II: Symposium on Insect Pests and Sustainable Food Production: Pest Management, Strategies and Practices
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, J. M. (1976) A guide to objective and reliable estimation of food losses in small scale farmer storage. Trop. Stored Prod. Inf. 32, 512.Google Scholar
Adams, J. M. and Harman, G. W. (1977) The evaluation of losses in maize stored in a selection of small farms in Zambia with particular reference to the development of methodology. Trop. Prod. Inst. Rep. No. G109.Google Scholar
Adams, J. M. and Schullen, G. G. M. (1976) Losses caused by insects, mites and micro-organisms. In Post-harvest Grain Loss Assessment Methods. American Association of Cereal Chemists (Compiled by Harris, K. L. and Linbald, C. J.), pp. 8393.Google Scholar
Adeyemi, A. O. (1967) Storage pests of cereal (maize, millet, Guinea corn) and their control in Nigeria. Sols Afr. 12, 159166.Google Scholar
Agha, A. A. (1961) The biology of Sitotroga cerealella with special reference to food and the effect of extreme physical conditions. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Akinrele, I. A. (1985) Farming for famine. Proc. Agric. Soc. Niger. 4, 4042.Google Scholar
Allotey, J. (1985) Study of radiosensitivity of the immature stages of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Galleriidae). Insect Sci. Applic. 6, 627632.Google Scholar
Allotey, J. (1986) Competition between the two moths Corcyra cephalonica (Staint.) and Ephestia cautella (Wlk) on a laboratory diet. J. Stored Prod. Res. 22, 103107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allotey, J. (1988) A study of insect pests on stored palm produce in Port Harcourt Nigeria. J. Stored Prod. Res. 24, 237240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allotey, J. (1989) Development and fecundity of the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (Pyralidae) on stored maize and groundnut. Discovery and Innovation (In press).Google Scholar
Allotey, J. and Kumar, (1989) Management of palm kernel insect pests in transit sheds. Discovery and Innovation 1, 8490.Google Scholar
Ambika, D. and Mohandas, N. (1982) Relative efficacy of some antifeedants and deterrents against insect pests of stored paddy. Entomon. 7, 261264.Google Scholar
Amoako-Atta, B. (1981) Simulated radiation disinfestation of infested maize in Ghana. Combined Processes in Food Irradiation. Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna IAEA — SM 250, 253261.Google Scholar
Anonymous (1978) Post-harvest Food Losses in Developing Countries. National Academy of Science, Washington, DC. 206 pp.Google Scholar
Arbogast, R. T. and Mullen, M. A. (1987) Dynamics of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations in a small bulk of stored corn. Res. Popul. Ecol. 29, 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aryertey, J. N. (1979) The growth of single and mixed laboratory populations of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver) on stored maize. Res. Popul. Ecol. 21, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asanga, C. and Mills, R. (1985) Changes in environment, grain quality and insect populations in pearl millet stored in airtight containers or underground pits. Underground Space 9, 316321.Google Scholar
Autry, H. V. and Cutkomp, L. K. (1982) Report to the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania on a Mission on the Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus in the Country. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) TCP/URT/2296.Google Scholar
Bernejee, T. C. and Nazimuddin, S. (1985) Weight loss of wheat and rice caused by feeding of the larvae and adults of Sitophilus oryzae Linn. and Rhyzopertha dominica Fabr. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 55, 703706.Google Scholar
Bell, C. H. and Rowlands, D. G. (1983) The future for liquid fumigants. Proc. of the Sixth Pest Control Conference, Cambridge, 1983, Session Paper 19, 10.Google Scholar
Benz, G. (1987) Integrated pest management in material protection, storage, and food industry. Parasitis 86, 3169.Google Scholar
Birch, L. C. (1944) The influence of temperature on the development of the different stages of Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica. Aust. J. Exp. Biol. 22, 2935.Google Scholar
Birch, L. C. (1945) The influence of temperature, humidity and density on the oviposition of the small strain of Calandra oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) (Coleoptera). Aust. J. Exp. Biol. 23, 197203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boldt, P. E. (1974) Effects of temperature and humidity on development and oviposition of Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J. Kans Entomol. Soc. 47, 3036.Google Scholar
Burges, H. D. (1956) Some effects of the British climate and constant temperatures on the life cycle of Ephestia cautella (Walk.). Bull. Entomol. Res. 46, 814835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burges, H. D. and Burrell, N. J. (1954) Cooling bulk grain in the British climate to control storage pests and improve keeping quality. J. Sci. Food Agric. 15, 32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burges, H. D. and Haskins, K. P. F. (1965) Life cycle of the tropical warehouse moth Cadra cautella (Walk) at controlled temperatures and humidities. Bull. Entomol. Res. 55, 775789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breese, M. H. (1960) The infestibility of stored paddy by Sitophilus sasakii (Tak.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.). Bull. Entomol. Res. 51, 559630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breese, M. H. (1963) Studies on the oviposition of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in rice and paddy. Bull. Entomol. Res. 53, 621637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breese, M. H. (1964) Factors governing the infestibility of paddy and rice. Trop. Stored Prod. Inf. 8, 289299.Google Scholar
Campbell, A. and Sinha, R. N. (1976) Damage of wheat by feeding of some stored-product beetles. J. econ. Entomol. 69, 1113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Champ, B. R. and McCabe, J. B. (1984) Storage of grain in earth-covered bunkers. In Proc. 3rd Int. Working Conf. on Stored Prod. Entomol. 23–28 Oct. 1983. Manhattan, Kansas State University.Google Scholar
Cogburn, R. R., Tilton, E. W. and Burkholder, W. E. (1966) Gross effect of gamma radiation on the Indian meal moth and the Angoumois grain moth. J. econ. Entomol. 59, 682685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. M. and Russell, M. P. (1970) Some effects of rice variety on the biology of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella. Ann. Entomol. So. Am. 63, 930931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coombs, C. W. (1968) Changes in the arthropod fauna of an experimental bulk of stored wheat. J. Appl. Ecol. 5, 563574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coombs, C. W. and Freeman, J. A. (1955) The insect fauna of an empty granary. Bull. entomol. Res. 46, 399417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coombs, C. W. and Woodroffe, G. E. (1963) An experimental demonstration of ecological succession in an insect population breeding in stored wheat. J. Anim. Ecol. 32, 271279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coombs, C. W. and Porter, J. E. (1986) Some factors affecting the infestation of wheat and maize by Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Sitophilus zeamais Mots (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 22, 3341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornwell, P. B. and Bull, J. O. (1960) The Entomology of Radiation Disinfestation of Grain. Pergamon Press, New York.Google Scholar
Davies, J. C. (1960) Experiment on crib storage of maize in Uganda. E. Afr. Agric. J. 26, 7175.Google Scholar
Dawson, P. S. (1977) Life history strategy and evolutionary history of Tribolium flour beetles. Evolution 31, 226229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debach, P. (1966) The competitive displacement and co-existence principles. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 11, 183212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Lima, C. P. F. (1977) An ecological study of traditional on-farm maize storage in Kenya and the effects of a control action. Proc. XV Int. Congr. Entomol. Washington, DC August 1976. pp. 699704.Google Scholar
De Lima, C. P. F. (1979) The assessment of losses due to insects and rodents in maize for subsistence in Kenya. Trop. Stored Prod. Inf. 38, 2126.Google Scholar
Dobie, P. (1974) The laboratory assessment of the inherent susceptibility of maize varieties to post-harvest infestation by Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Trop. Stored Prod. Inf. 10, 183187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobie, P. (1977) The contribution of the Tropical Stored Products Centre to the study of insect resistance in stored maize. Trop. Prod. Inf. 34, 722.Google Scholar
Dobie, P. (1984a) Biological methods for integrated control of insects and mites in tropical stored products, 1. The use of resistant varieties. Trop. Stored Prod. Inf. 48, 48.Google Scholar
Dobie, P. (1984b) Biological methods for integrated control of insects and mites in tropical stored products. VI—Integrated control: The role of biological methods. Trop. Stored Prod. Inf. 48, 3745.Google Scholar
Donahaye, E., Navarro, S. and Calderon, M. (1967) Storage of barley in an underground pit sealed with a polythylene liner. J. Stored Prod. Res. 3, 359364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunkel, F. A. (1987) A new era for underground food storage. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2, 365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO (1975) Production Yearbook 1975.Google Scholar
Fraenkel, G. and Blewett, M. (1943) The natural foods and the food requirements of several species of stored product insects. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 93, 457499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsyth, J. (1962) Major food storage problems. In Agriculture and Land Use in Ghana. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 394401.Google Scholar
Giles, P. H. (1975) Annual Report 1974. Activities of SEPRAL and the grain storage extension group. Seccion de Productos Almacendos, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia Managua, Nicaragua.Google Scholar
Giles, P. H. (1984) Summary of information on Prostephanus truncatus in Nicaragua obtained during a four-year assignment at SEPRAL, La Calera, Managua, 1972–1976. Proc. GASCA Workshop on the Larger Grain Borer Prostephanus truncatus, 24–25 February 1983. TPI Slough, Publ. GT2. Eschborn. pp. 133–135.Google Scholar
Giles, P. H. and Ashman, F. (1971) A study of pre-harvest infestation of maize by Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Col. Curculionidae) in the Kenya highlands. J. Stored Prod. Res. 7, 6983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, P. H. and Leon, D. S. (1975) Infestation problems in farm stored maize in Nicaragua. Proc. 1st Int. Working Conf. on Stored Products Entomology. Savannah, Georgia, USA. Oct. 7–11th, 1974. pp. 6876.Google Scholar
Golebiowska, Z. (1969) The feeding and fecundity of Sitophilus granarius (L.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) in wheat grain. J. Stored Prod. Res. 5, 143155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golob, P. (1984) Improvements in maize storage for the small holder farmer. Trop. Stored Prod. Inf. 50, 1419.Google Scholar
Golob, P. and Hodges, R. (1982) Study of an outbreak of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) in Tanzania. Report G. 164. Trop. Prod. Inst. London.Google Scholar
Grewal, S. S. and Atwal, A. S. (1969) The influence of temperature and humidity on the development of Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J. Res. Punjab Agric. Univ. 6, 353358.Google Scholar
Hagstrum, D. W. and Throne, J. E. (1989) Predictibility of stored-wheat insect population trends from life history traits. Environ. Entomol. 18, 660664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, C. P. (1981) Insects and arachnids from stored products, a report on specimens received by the Tropical Stored Products Centre, 1973–1977. Report of the Tropical Products Institute L54, iv + 73 pp.Google Scholar
Haines, C. P. (1982) Pest management in stored products. Prot. Ecol. 4, 321330.Google Scholar
Hall, D. W. (1970) Handling and storage of food grains in tropical and subtropical areas. Food and Agriculture Organization Development Paper No. 90, Rome. pp. viv + 350.Google Scholar
Hodges, R. J. (1986) The biology and control of Prostephanus truncatus(Horn.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). A destructive storage pest with increasing range. J. Stored Prod. Res. 22, 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodges, R. J., Dunstan, W. R., Magazini, I. and Golob, P. (1983) An outbreak of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in East Africa. Prot. Ecol. 5, 183194.Google Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1956) The effect of temperature and humidity on the rate of development and mortality of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Ann. Appl. Biol. 44, 356368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1962) The effects of temperature and humidity on the oviposition rate of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Bull. entomol. Res. 53, 301310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, R. W. (1965) A summary of the estimates of optimal and minimal conditions for population increase of some stored products insects. J. Stored Prod. Res. 1, 177184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurlock, E. T. (1965) Some observations on the loss in weight caused by Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to wheat under constant experimental conditions. J. Stored Prod. Res. 1, 193195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivbijaro, M. D. and Agbaje, M. (1986) Insecticidal activities of Piper guineense Schum and Thon, and Capsicum spp. on the cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus F. Insect Sci. Applic. 7, 521524.Google Scholar
Jilani, G. and Su, H. C. F. (1983) Laboratory studies on several plant materials as insect repellants for protection of cereal grains. J. econ. Entomol. 76, 154157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashi, K. P. (1981) Controlling pests in stored grain with carbon dioxide. SPAN 24, 6971.Google Scholar
Kiritani, K. (1965) Biological studies on the Sitophilus complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Japan. J. Stored Prod. Res. 1, 169176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, R. M. (1986) Pictorial guide for rapid identification of common adult stage insects. J. Food Prot. 49, 154160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kockum, S. (1958) Control of insects attacking maize on the cob in crib stores. E. Afr. Agric. J. 23, 275279.Google Scholar
Kockum, S. (1965) Crib storage of maize. A trial with pyrethrin and lindane formulation. E. Afr. Agric. J. 30, 810.Google Scholar
Krall, S. (1984) A new threat to farm-level maize in storage in West Africa. Prostephanus trancatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Trop. Stored Prod. Inf. 50, 2631.Google Scholar
Kraus, W., Cramer, R. B., Bokel, M. and Sawitzki, G. (1983) Proc. 1st Int. Neem Conf. Roltach-Egern. F.R.G. 1983, 53.Google Scholar
Longstaff, B. C. (1981) Biology of the grain pest species of the genus Sitophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): a critical review. Prot. Ecol. 2, 83130.Google Scholar
Lund, H. O. and Bushnell, R. J. (1939) The relation of nutritional levels to the growth of populations of Tribolium confusum Duv. II. Egg production in patent flour supplemented with yeast. J. econ. Entomol. 32, 640642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumura, M. and Yoshida, T. (1988) Reproductive ability and the effect of biological conditioning of medium on survivorship and oviposition of Tribolium freemani Hinton (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 23, 17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarlane, J. A. (1988) Storage methods in relation to post-harvest losses in cereals. Insect Sci. Applic. 9, 747754.Google Scholar
McFarlane, J. A. and Prevett, F. F. (1984) Training and extension for storage improvements through the establishment of special technical units. In Proc. 3rd Int. Working Conf. on Stored Prod. Entomol. Manhattan (1983). pp. 668710.Google Scholar
Mitchell, G. E. (1986) Food irriadiation. Qld. Agric. J. (1986), pp. 1722.Google Scholar
Mookherjee, P. B. and Khana, S. C. (1971) Estimates of damage to wheat by germ feeders. Entomol. News. 1, 31.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, S. N. and Ramachandran, R. (1989) Effects of Azadirachtin on the feeding, growth and development of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Col.: Tenebrionidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 102, 145149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, M. J. (1933) Contributions towards the study of insect fertility—II. Experiments on factors influencing fertility in Ephestia kuehniellaZ. (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Proc. Zool. Soc. London. (1933), 903934.Google Scholar
Norris, M. J. (1934) Contributions towards the study of insect fertility—III. Adult nutrition, fecundity and longevity in the genus Ephestia (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1934), 333360.Google Scholar
Oluwole, Y. A., Nwogu, E. O. and Effiong, E. A. (1980) Farm organisation crop production and storage in Southern States of Nigeria. Tech. Rep. No. 14. Rep. Nigerian Stored Prod. Res. Inst. pp. 139145.Google Scholar
Osman, N. (1984) Assessment of damage by the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Staint.) on different grains at four levels of moisture content. Pertanika 7, 5358.Google Scholar
Park, T.T., Gregg, E. V. and Lutherman, C. Z. (1941) Studies in population physiology x Interspecific competition in populations of granary beetles. Physiol. Zool. 14, 395430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, A. U. and Wohlgemuth, R. (1982) Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) of West African origin as a protectant of stored maize. Z. Angew. Entomol. 94, 208214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prakash, A., Pasalu, I. C. and Rao, J. (1984) The pest status of insects infesting rice stored in India. Trop. Stored Prod. Inf. 47, 1520.Google Scholar
Prakash, A., Pasalu, I. C. and Mathur, K. C. (1986) Oviposition and development of lesser grain borers and rice weevil in relation to some morphological rice grain characters. Indian J. Agric. Res. 20, 159162.Google Scholar
Prempeh, H. R. B. A. (1971) Maize crop harvesting, processing and storage in Ghana pp. 8187. In Symposium on Maize the Wonder Crop. 5–6 April 1971. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.Google Scholar
Rao, H. R. G. and Wilbur, D. A. (1972) Loss of wheat weight from feeding of lesser grain borer. J. Kans Entomol. Soc. 45, 237241.Google Scholar
Rawnsley, J. (1963) The Control of Infestation in Single Sacks of Stored Grain. (Mimeo), Pokoase, Crop Research Institute.Google Scholar
Reddy, D. B. (1950) Ecological studies of rice weevil. J. econ. Entomol. 43, 203206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, O. W. (1947) Observations on grain weevils, Calandra (Col.: Curculionidae) 1. General biology and oviposition. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 117, 143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, H. S. and Behl, N. K. (1985) Comparative dietary efficacy of five varieties of rice for the larval growth of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Oikoassay 2, 69.Google Scholar
Rowlands, D. G. and Edwards, J. P. (1986) New developments in pest control. In Spoilage and Mycotoxins of Cereal and other Stored Products (Edited by Flannigen, B.), pp. 2126.Google Scholar
Russell, M. P. (1968) Influence of rice varieties on oviposition and development of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, and the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Ann. 61, 13351336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samsom, P. R. and Parker, R. J. (1989) Relative potency of grain protectants on maize, paddy, rice and wheat. J. Stored Prod. Res. 25, 3138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samson, P. R., Parker, R. J. and Jones, A. L. (1989) Laboratory studies on protectants for control of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in paddy rice. J. Stored Prod. Res. 25, 39–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satomi, H. (1960) Differences in some physiological and ecological characters between two allied species of the rice weevils, Calandra oryzae and C. sasakii collected from different districts in the world. Jpn. J. Ecol. 10, 218226.Google Scholar
Saxena, R. C. (1989) Insecticides from neem. In Insecticides of Plant Origin (Edited by Armasson, T., Philogene, B. T. R. and Morand, P.), pp. 110135. ACS Symposium Series No. 387, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulten, G. M. (1975) Losses in stored maize in Malawi (C. Africa) and work undertaken to prevent them. EPPO (Euro. Mediterr. Plant Prot. Organ.) Bull. 5, 113120.Google Scholar
Segrove, F. (1951) Oviposition behaviour in two strains of the rice weevil, Calandra oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Exp. Biol. 28, 281297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shazali, M. E. H. and Smith, R. H. (1986) Life history studies of externally feeding pests of stored sorghum Corcyra cephalonica (Staint.) and (Tribolium castaneum Herbst). J. Stored Prod. Res. 22, 5561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmons, P. and Ellington, G. W. (1933) Life history of the Angoumois grain moth in Maryland. USDA Tech. Bull. No. 351.Google Scholar
Singh, D. H. and McCain, F. G. (1963) Relationship of some nutritional properties of the corn kernel to weevil infestation. Crop. Sci. 3, 259261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, R. N. and Wallace, H. A. H. (1966) Ecology of insect induced hot spots in stored grain in Western Canada. Res. Pop. Ecol. 8, 107132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinha, R. N. and Watters, F. L. (1985) Insect Pests of Flour Mills, Grains Elevators and Feed Mills and Their Control. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Taylor, T. A. (1976) Tropical storage entomology and the small farmer. Proc. XV Int. Congr. Entomol. Washington 1976. pp. 673679.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. W. D. and Halliday, D. (1986) The geographical spread of resistance to phosphine by Coleopterous pests of stored products. 1986 British Crop Protection Conference on Pests and Diseases, pp. 607613.Google Scholar
Teotia, T. P. S. and Singh, U. S. (1968) On the oviposition behaviour and development of Sitophilus oryzae Linn. in various natural foods. Indian J. Entomol. 30, 119124.Google Scholar
Tilton, E. W., Burkholder, E. W. E. and Cogburn, R. R. (1966) Effects of gamma radiation on Rhizopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium confusum, and Lasioderma serricorne. J. econ. Entomol. 59, 13631368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trematerra, P. (1983) Biologia e preference alimentari di Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Galleridae). Industrie Alimentaire 540548.Google Scholar
Tsuda, Y. and Yoshida, T. (1984) Population biology of the broad-horned flour beetle, Gnathocerus cornutus (F.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) 1. Life table and population parameters. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 19, 129131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyagi, A. K. and Girish, G. K. (1975) Studies on the oviposition site of Sitophilus oryzae on wheat and effect of size and other surface. Bull. Grain Technol. 13, 144150.Google Scholar
Watters, F. L. (1968) An appraisal of gamma irradiation for insect control in cereal foods. Manitoba Entomol. 2, 3745.Google Scholar
White, G. G. (1982) The effectof grain damage on development in wheat of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 18, 115119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, G. G. (1987) Effects of temperature and humidity on the rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in wheat flour. Aust. J. Zool. 35, 4359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, G. G. and Lambkin, T. A. (1988) Damage to wheat grain by larvae of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 24, 6165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winks, R. G. and Bailey, S. W. (1965) Treatment and storage of export wheat in Australia. Trop. Stored Prod. 11, 431438.Google Scholar
Wu-Kang, P. (1984) Population changes of stored product insects in warehouses of bagged rice and the effect of phoxim treatment on the population suppression. Phytopathol. Entomol. NTU (1984), 105114.Google Scholar