Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T20:12:58.178Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Soil Pests of Groundnut in Sub-Saharan Africa—A Review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

V. C. Umeh ,
O. Youm  and
F. Waliyar
V. C. Umeh
Affiliation:
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) B.P. 320, Bamako, Mali
O. Youm
Affiliation:
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Sahelian Center, B.P. 12404, Niamey, Niger
F. Waliyar
Affiliation:
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) B.P. 320, Bamako, Mali
Get access

Abstract

Termites (Isoptera: Termidae), white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and millipedes (Myriapoda: Odontopygidae) are the major groups of soil pests that are widespread and of economic importance in groundnut production in sub-Saharan Africa. Other Coleopteran pests such as wireworms (Elateridae) and false wireworms (Tenebrionidae) are found to be of occasional importance. Farmers' cultural practices such as improper application of organic manure, leaving crop residues in farms, delay in planting and harvesting, and abiotic factors such as rainfall and soil texture also influence soil pest occurrence and damage. Groundnut farmers in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa seldom apply effective control measures against soil pests. This paper reviews the major soil pests of groundnuts and their damage, and discusses adopted control practices and their applicability in integrated pest management (IPM) modules, with an emphasis on the use of resistant groundnut varieties, cultural practices, botanicals and minimal application of synthetic insecticides.

Résumé

Les termites (Isoptère: Termitidae), les vers blancs (Coléoptère: Scarabaeidae) et les millipedes (Myriapode: Odontopygidae) sont les groupes majeurs des nuisibles du sol les plus répandus et économiquement importants en Afrique sous-sahara. Les autres Coléoptères identifiés, tels que les vulgaires de Taupins (Elateridae) et les Tenebrionidae sont occasionnellement importants. Les pratiques culturelles des cultivateurs tels que l'application incorrecte de fumure organique, l'abandonment de résidus des cultures aux champs, retardement du semis et de la récolte, ainsi que des facteurs environnementaux corne la pluviométrie et texture du sol enfluencaient la presence et l'endommagement causés par les nuisibles du sol. La plupart des cultivateurs arachidiers en Afrique sous-sahara applique rarement les mesures de lutte contre les nuisibles du sol. Ce rapport explique les methodes de lutte adoptées contre les nuisibles du sol et propose leur incorporation dans la lutte intégrée avec un appui sur l'utilisation de la résistance varietale, les pratiques culturelles, les produits botaniques et l'application minimale des produits chimiques.

Keywords

Arachis hypogaeagroundnutcultural practicestermiteswhite grubsmillipedesintegrated pest managementArachis hypogaeanuisibles du solpratiques culturellestermitesvers blancsmillipedeslutte intégrée
Type
Mini Review
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , March 2001 , pp. 23 - 32
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

[ARCM] (Agricultural Research Council of Malawi) (1971) Carton Handbook of Malawi. 82 pp. Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Zomba, Malawi.Google Scholar
Amin, P. W. (1987) Advances in identification of stable sources of resistance to insect pests/vectors and their exploitation in groundnut improvement. Paper presented at the Annual Kharif Oilseed Workshop of Groundnut and Sunflower, Niger. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India. 14 pp.Google Scholar
Amin, P. W. and Mohammad, A. B. (1982) ICRISAT's research in groundnut entomology. Occasional paper. G. Ent. 82/1, 34 pp. Internatonal Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India.Google Scholar
Amin, P. W., Singh, K. N., Dwivedi, S. L. and Rao, V. R. (1985) Sources of resistance to the jassid (Empoasca kerri Pruthi), thrips [Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom)] and termites (Odontotermes sp.) in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Peanut Science 12, 58–60.Google Scholar
Appert, J. (1966) Les insectes d'arachide de Sénégal. In Centre de recherches agronomiques de Bambey, Rapport Annuel, Bulletin 7, 67–74.Google Scholar
Asafo-Adjei, B., Marfo, K. O. and Adu-Dapaah, H. (1998) Groundnut production constraints in Ghana—A challenge to research, pp. 68–69. In International Arachis Newsletter No. 18 (Edited by Waliyar, F. and Umeh, V. C.). Summary Proceedings of the Fifth ICRISAT Regional Groundnut Meeting for Western and Central Africa, 18–21 Nov. 1996, Accra, Ghana. International Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India.Google Scholar
Bakhetia, D. R. C and Brar, K. C. (1983) Seed treatment— a new and economical method to control white grub pest of groundnut, J. Soil Biol. Ecol. 3, 65–67.Google Scholar
Blankenship, P. D. R., Cole, R. J., Sanders, T. H. and Hill, R. A. (1984) Effect of geocarposphere temperature on pre-harvest colonisation of drought-stressed peanuts by Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxin formation. Mycopathologia 85, 69–74.Google Scholar
Carter, F. C. and Mauldin, J. K. (1981) Responses of Reticulitermcs flavipes to extracts from nine anti-termic hardwoods. Marterial und Organismen 16, 175–188.Google Scholar
Cole, R. J., Sanders, T. H., Hill, R. A. and Blankenship, P. D. (1985) Mean geocarposphere temperatures that induce preharvest aflatoxin contamination of peanuts under drought stress. Mycopathologia 91, 41–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowie, R. H., Logan, J. W. M. and Wood, T. G. (1989) Termite (Isoptera) damage and control in tropical forestry with special reference to Africa and IndoMalaysia: A review. Bull. Entomol. Res. 79, 173–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darlington, J. P. E. C. (1985) Multiple primary reproductives in the termite Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjöstedt), pp. 187–200. In Caste Differentiation in Social Insects (Edited by Watson, J. A. L., Okot-Kotber, B. M. and Noirot, C.). Pergamon Press, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debrah, S. K. and Waliyar, F. (1998) Groundnut production and utilisation in West Africa: Past trends, productions and opportunities for increasing production, pp. 58–60. In International Arachis Newsletter No. 18 (Edited by Waliyar, F. and Umeh, V. C.). Summary Proceedings of the Fifth ICRISAT Regional Groundnut Meeting for West and Central Africa, 18–21 November 1996, Accra, Ghana. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India.Google Scholar
Demange, J. M. (1975) Les Myriapode Diplopodes nuisibles à l'arachide au Sénégal. Oléagineux 30, 19–24.Google Scholar
Van Eeden, C. F., Van Rensburg, J. B. J. and Van Derlinde, T. C. de K. (1991) A check list of insects occurring in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) fields in the Highveld region. Phytophytactica 23, 255–259.Google Scholar
Ella, M. O. and Malaka, S. L. O. (1977) Termite associations on the University of Ife Campus. The Nigerian Fields 42, 63–69.Google Scholar
Feakin, S. D. (1973) Pest control in groundnuts. Third edition. PANS Manual no. 2, Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London, UK.Google Scholar
[FAO] (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations) (1996) Production Yearbook Volume 50, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
Forschler, B. T. and Townsend, M. L. (1996) Mortality of eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) exposed to four soils treated with termiticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 9, 678–681.Google Scholar
Gillon, Y. and Gillon, D. (1976) Comparaison par piégeage des populations de Diplopodes des Iuliformes en zone de végétation naturelle et champ d'arachide. Cah. ORSTOM, Sér. Biol. XI, 121–127.Google Scholar
Greaves, T. and Florence, R. G. (1966) Incidence of termites in blackbutt regrowth. Aust. For. 30, 153–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, W. V. (1971) Termites. Their Recognition and Control. Second edition. Longmans, London, UK, 186 pp.Google Scholar
Hebblethwaite, M. J. and Logan, J. W. M. (1985) Report on a visit to Western Sudan to assess termite damage to groundnuts Arachis hypogaea (Hedysarae). Overseas report assignment of project no. A1402/1403. Tropical Development and Research Institute, London. 71 pp.Google Scholar
Hill, R. A., Blankenship, P. D., Cole, R. J. and Sanders, T. H. (1983) Effects of soil moisture and temperature on preharvest invasion of peanuts by the Aspergillus flavus group and subsequent aflatoxin development. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 22, 629–634.Google Scholar
Hillocks, R. J., Logan, J. W. M., Riches, C. R., Russell-Smith, A. and Shaxson, L. J. (1996) Soil pests in traditional farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa—a review. Part 2. Management strategies. Int. J. Pest Manage. 4, 253–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[IRHO] (Institut de Recherche pour les Huiles et Oléagineux), Départément Oléagineux Annuels (1982) Synthèse des travaux présentés sur la lutte contre les prédateurs et maladies de l'arachide. Oléagineux 37, 25–28.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. A. and Gumel, M. H. (1981) Termite damage and crop loss studies in Nigeria—the incidence of termite-scarified groundnut pods and resulting kernel contamination in field and market samples. Trop. Pest Manage. 27, 343–350.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. A., Lamb, R. A. and Wood, T. G. (1981) Termite damage and crop loss studies in Nigeria—a survey of damage to groundnuts. Trop. Pest Manage. 27, 325–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, T. S. and Wang, C. L. (1988) The anti-termite properties of extracts from Melia azedarach Linn. Bull. Taiwan For. Res. Inst., New Series 3, 255–261.Google Scholar
Logan, J. W. M., Rajagopal, D., Wightman, J. A. and Pearce, M. J. (1992) Control of termites and other soil pests of groundnuts with special reference to controlled release formulations of non-persistent insecticides in India and Sudan. Bull. Entomol. Res. 82, 57–66.Google Scholar
Lynch, R. E. (1990) Resistance in peanut to major arthropod pests. Florida Entomol. 73, 422–455.Google Scholar
Lynch, R. E., Ouedrago, A. P. and Dicko, l. (1986) Insect damage to groundnut in semi-arid tropical Africa, pp. 175–183. In Agrometeorology of Groundnut. Proceedings of International Symposium, 21–26 Aug., ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Niamey, Niger. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, India.Google Scholar
Malaka, S. L. O. (1973) Observations on termites in Nigeria. The Nigerian Fields 38, 24–40.Google Scholar
Mathur, R. N. (1962) Enemies of termites (white ants), pp. 1371–139. In Termites in the Humid Tropics. New Delhi Symposium, UNESCO, Paris.Google Scholar
Matthews, G. A. (1989) Cotton Insect Pests and Their Management. Longman, Harlow, UK, 199 pp.Google Scholar
Mauries, J. P. (1968) Spirostroptoidae (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) récoltés dans une parcelle expérimentale de l'institut de recherches agronomiques tropicale en Haute-Volta. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 2e sér., 40, 984–991.Google Scholar
May, P. D. (1986) Controlled release pesticides control termites. Forestry Newsletter (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research) 2, 4.Google Scholar
McDonald, D. and Harkness, C. (1968) Aflatoxin in the groundnut crop at harvest in Northern Nigeria. Tropical Science 8, 146–161.Google Scholar
Mercer, P. C. (1978) Pests and diseases of groundnuts in Malawi III. Wilts, post-harvest, physiological and minor disorders. Oléagineux 33, 619–624.Google Scholar
Perry, D. (1967) Premature death of groundnut plants in Northern Nigeria. Experimental Agriculture 3, 211–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierrard, G. (1972) Peridontopygines (Diplopodes, Odontopyges) de la zone soudano-sahélienne de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, 3e sér. 48, 753–762.Google Scholar
Pierrard, G. and Biernaux, J. (1974) Note à propos des Diplopode nuisibles aux cultures tempérées et tropicales. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 23, 629–643.Google Scholar
Porter, D. M., Wright, F. S. and Steele, J. L. (1972) Relationship of shell damage to colonization of peanut seed by Aspergillus flavus. [Abstr.] Journal American Peanut Research Education Association 4, 207.Google Scholar
Rao, B. H. K., Narayana, K. L. and Rao, B. N. (1978) Whitegrub problem in Andhra Pradesh and their control, pp. 206–209. In Soil Biology and Ecology in India (Edited by Edwards, C. A. and Veeresh, G. K.). University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.Google Scholar
Ripper, E. E. and George, L. (1965) Cotton Pests of Sudan. 345 pp., Blackwell, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Rossion, J. (1974) La lutte chimique contre les Iules en culture arachidière. Synthèse des recherches effectuées par l'l. R. H. O. au Sénégal. Oléagineux 29, 365–370.Google Scholar
Rossion, J. (1976) Les iules, déprédateurs de l'arachide au Senégal: Résultats récent obtenus en matière de lutte chimique. Oléagineux 31, 327–333.Google Scholar
Sanders, T. H., Hill, R. A., Cole, R. J. and Blankenship, P. D. (1981) Effect of drought on occurrence of Aspergillus flavus in maturing peanuts. Journal of American Oil Chemists Society 58, 966A–970A.Google Scholar
Sands, W. A. (1962) Observations on termites destructive to trees and crops in Nigeria. Northern Region Ministry of Agriculture. Samaru Research Bulletin 26, 1–14.Google Scholar
Sieber, R. (1985) Replacement of reproductives in Macrotermitinae (Isoptera, Termitidae), pp. 201–207. In Caste Differentiation in Social Insects (Edited by Watson, J. A. L., Okot-Kotber, B. M. and Noirot, C.). Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Siva Rao, D. V., Thippeswami, M. and Murty, P. S. S. (1984) Studies on field evaluation of insecticides on rainfed groundnut. Pesticides, pp. 35–38.Google Scholar
Umeh, V. C. (1997) Aspects of socio-ecological studies of groundnut soil pests—Farmers' perspective. International Arachis Newsletter 17, 42–43.Google Scholar
Umeh, V. C. (1998) Soil pests of groundnut in West Africa —Case study of Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria, pp. 50–52. In International Arachis Newsletter No. 18 (Edited by Waliyar, F. and Umeh, V. C.). Summary Proceedings of the Fifth ICRISAT Regional Groundnut Meeting for West and Central Africa, 18–21 Nov. 1996, Accra, Ghana. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru India.Google Scholar
Umeh, V. C. and Ivbijaro, M. F. (1997) Termite abundance and damage in traditional maize- cassava intercrops in South western Nigeria. Insect Sci. Applic. 17, 315–321.Google Scholar
Umeh, V. C. and Ivbijaro, M. F. (1998) Effects on termitc damage to maize by seed extracts of Azadirachta indica and Piper guineense in farmers' fields, J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge (in press).Google Scholar
Urneh, V. C., Waliyar, F. and Traoré, A. (1998) The influence of termite damage on Aspergillus infection of groundnut in Mali. Summary Proceedings of the Sixth ICRISAT Regional Groundnut Meeting for West an Central Africa, 5–8 October 1998, Bamako Mali. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502324 Andhra Pradesh, India (in press).Google Scholar
Umeh, V. C., Waliyar, F., Traoré, S. and Egwurube, E. (1999) Soil pests of groundnut in West Africa—Species diversity, damage and estimation of yield losses. Insect Sci. Applic. 19, 131–140.Google Scholar
Veeresh, G.K. (1983) White grubs, pp. 253–301. In Applied Soil Biology and Ecology (Edited by Veeresh, G.K. and Rajagopal, D.). Sharada Publishers, Bangalore.Google Scholar
Waliyar, F., Ba, A., Hamma, H., Bonkoungou, S. and Bosc, J. P. (1994) Sources of resistance to Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination in groundnut genotypes in West Africa. Plant Disease 78, 704–708.Google Scholar
Wardell, D. A. (1987) Control of termites in nurseries and young plantations in Africa: Established practices and alternative courses of action. Commonwealth Forestry Review 66, 77–89.Google Scholar
Wightman, J. A., Dick, K. M., Ranga Rao, G. V., Shanower, T. G. and Gold, C. G. (1990) Pests of groundnut in the semi-arid tropics, pp. 243–322. In Insect Pests of Tropical Food Legumes. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, UK.Google Scholar
Wightman, J. A. and Wightman, A. S. (1994) An insect, agronomic and sociological survey of fields in southern Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 51, 311–331.Google Scholar
Wood, T. G. and Cowie, R. H. (1988) Assessment of on-farm losses in cereals in Africa due to soil insects. Insect Sci. Applic. 9, 709–716.Google Scholar
Yayock, J. Y. (1978) Groundnut, another bad year? Noma 1, 3–5.Google Scholar
Yayock, J. Y, Rossell, H. W. and Harkness, C. (1976) A review of the 1975 groundnut virus epidemic in Nigeria. Presented at the African Groundnut Symposium on Pests of Groundnuts and Millet in the Field, 21–23 Apr. 1976, Kaolak, Senegal. Samaru Conference Paper no. 9. Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria.Google Scholar