Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T16:39:15.688Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Salinity relationships of mosquitoes breeding in a brackish pond on the Kenya coast

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

L. M. N. Rogo ,
G. B. White  and
R. C. Odhiambo
L. M. N. Rogo
Affiliation:
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
G. B. White
Affiliation:
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
R. C. Odhiambo
Affiliation:
The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
Get access

Abstract

A large pond, up to 2000 m2 area, adjacent to the sea at Jimbo, near Vanga, on the south coast of Kenya was studied for salinity and the presence of mosquito larvae 1980–1981. Rainfall peaked in November–December 1980 and again in March–May 1981, while salinity of the pond-water fluctuated inversely from dryness in February, more than 100% seawater equivalent in months before main rains, to below 13% seawater after the onset of rain in March.

Five types of mosquito larvae occurred in the pond: Aedes albocephalus mostly at 21–30% salinity (range 13–30%); Culex sitiens mostly at 31–40% salinity (range 13–54%); Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex thalassius mostly at 41–50% salinity (range 13–50%) and the Anopheles gambiae complex from 13 to 54% salinity, at least those at higher salinities being Anopheles merus. No larvae were present when salinity surpassed 54% through evaporation, or fell below 13% after rain. The most reliable way to limit or control these pest and vector mosquitoes at Jimbo would be to drain the pond into the sea after rainfall, so that mosquito populations could not increase by breeding sequentially, while salination proceeds.

Keywords

CulicidaeAedes AnophelesCulexmosquito larvaesalinitychloride concentrationKenyaecologymalaria vectorsfilariasis vectors
Type
Research Articles
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 6 , Issue 1 , February 1985 , pp. 91 - 95
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bates, N. (1939) The use of salt solution for the demonstration of physiological differences between the larvae of certain European Anopheles mosquitoes. Am. J. trop. Med. 19, 357–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belkin, J. N. (1962) The Mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera: Culicidae), Vol. I. University of California Press, California.Google Scholar
Blakeslee, T. E. (1952) Chloride ion tolerance of four mosquitoes of Okinawa. Mosquito News 12, 191–194.Google Scholar
Bushrod, F. M. (1979) Studies on filariasis transmission in Kwale, a Tanzania coastal village, and the results of mosquito control measures. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 75, 277–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bushrod, F. M. (1981) The Anopheles gambiae Giles complex and bancroftian filariasis transmission in a Tanzania coastal village. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 75, 93–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coluzzi, M. and Sabatini, A. (1969) Cytogenetic observations on salt water species, Anopheles merus and Anopheles melas of the gambiae complex. Parassitologia 11, 177–187.Google Scholar
Gebert, S. (1936) The breeding of Anopheles costalis in seawater, in Mauritius. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 30, 255–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giglioli, M. E. C. (1964) Tides, salinity and the breeding of Anopheles melas (Theobald, 1903) during the dry season in the Gambia. Riv. Malariol. 43, 245–263.Google ScholarPubMed
Goiny, H., Someren, E. C. C. van and Heisch, R. B. (1957) The eggs of Aedes (Skusea) pembaensis Theobald discovered on crabs. E. Afr. med. J. 34, 1–2.Google Scholar
Halcrow, J. G. (1955) Adult behaviour patterns of Anopheles gambiae in Mauritius. Nature 175, 396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halcrow, J. G. (1956) Ecology of Anopheles gambiae Giles. Nature 177, 1103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halcrow, J. G. (1957) A new sub-species of Anopheles gambiae Giles from Mauritius. E. Afr. med. J. 34, 133–135.Google ScholarPubMed
Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952) Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region. 1. In Larval Bionomics of Mosquitoes and Taxonomy of Culicine Larvae, Vol. viii + 355 pp. British Museum (Natural History), London.Google Scholar
Ingram, A. and Macfie, J. E. S. (1917) The early stages of certain West African mosquitoes. Bull. ent. Res. 8, 134–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyengar, M. O. T. (1944) Problems relating to malaria control in deltaic Bengal. J. Malaria Inst. India 5, 435–447.Google Scholar
Iyengar, M. O. T. (1952) Filariasis in Maldive Islands. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 7, 375–403.Google ScholarPubMed
Iyengar, M. O. T. (1962) The bionomics of salt-water Anopheles gambiae in East Africa. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 27, 223–229.Google ScholarPubMed
Jepson, W. F., Moutia, A. and Courtois, C. (1947) The malaria problem in Mauritius: the bionomics of Mauritian Anopheles. Bull. ent. Res. 38, 177–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolstrup, N., McMahon, J. E., Magayuka, S. A., Mosha, F. W., Bushrod, F. M. and Bryan, J. H. (1981) Control measures against Bancroftian filariasis in coastal villages in Tanzania. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 75, 433–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhlow, F. (1962a) Studies on the bionomics and the morphology of the saltwater breeding Anopheles gambiae on the coast of Tanganyika. Riv. Malariol. 41, 187–197.Google Scholar
Kuhlow, F. (1962b) Beobachtungen und Experimente uber den Anopheles gambae-Komplex, Abrennung von Anopheles tangensis n. sp. Z. Tropenmed. Parasit. 13, 442–449.Google Scholar
Macfie, J. W. S. (1914) A note on the action of common salt on the larvae of Stegomyia fasciatus. Bull. ent. Res. 4, 339–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macfie, J. W. S. (1921) The effects of solutions and seawater on Stegomyia fasciatus. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 15, 337–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackay, R. (1938) Second (final) Report of the Malaria Unit, Dar-es-Salaam, for the Period November 1934 to December 1936. Dar-es-Salaam, Government Printer.Google Scholar
Maffi, M. (1960) Focolaio larvale de A. gambiae e di A. Squamosus in raceolta d'acqua salata, a Buse (fascia costiera del basso Oltre Giuba). Primo reperto in Somalia. Riv. Malariol. 39, 131–133.Google Scholar
Mogi, M. (1978) Population studies on mosquitoes in the rice field area of Nagasaki, Japan, especially on Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Trop. Med. 20, 173–263.Google Scholar
Mosha, F. W. and Magayuka, S. A. (1979) Potential vectors and non-vectors of bancroftian filariasis in East Africa. E. Afr. med. J. 56, 179–202.Google ScholarPubMed
Mosha, F. W. and Mutero, C. M. (1982) The influence of salinity on larval development and population dynamics of Anopheles merus Dönitz (Diptera:Culicidae). Bull. ent. Res. 72, 119–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosha, F. A. and Petrarca, V. (1983) Ecological studies on Anopheles gambiae complex sibling species in Kenya. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 77, 344–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosha, F. W. and Subra, R. (1982) Ecological studies on Anopheles gambiae complex sibling species in Kenya. 1. In Preliminary Observations on the Geographical Distributions and Chromosomal Polymorphic Inversions. Unpublished document WHO/VBC/82.Google Scholar
Mosha, F. W. and Subra, R. (1983) Survival Rate and Vectorial Capacities for Bancroftian Filariasis of Anopheles gambiae Sibling Species Along the Kenya Coast. Unpublished report to WHO.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C. (1951) Studies on saltwater and fresh-water Anopheles gambiae on the East African coast. Bull. ent. Res. 41, 487–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muspratt, J. (1955) Research on South African Culicini (Diptera: Culicidae) VI. A check-list of the species and their distribution, with notes on taxonomy, bionomics and identification. J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 18, 149–207.Google Scholar
Mutero, C. M., Mosha, F. W. and Subra, R. (1984) Biting activity and resting behaviour of Anopheles merus Dönitz (Diptera:Culicidae) on the Kenya coast. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. In press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oketch, L. M. and White, G. B. (1981) Reliability of Superoxide dismutase isoenzyme for distinguishing A. merus from other members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Trans. Roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 75, 887.Google Scholar
Paterson, H. E. (1964) “Saltwater Anopheles gambiae” on Mauritius. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 31, 635–644.Google ScholarPubMed
Rao, T. R. (1981) The Anopheles of India, Vol. XVI, p. 596. Indian Council for Medical Research, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Reisen, W. K. and Siddiqui, T. F. (1979) Horizontal and vertical estimates of immature survivorship for Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Pakistan. J. med. Ent. 16, 207–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, S. M. and Corbet, P. S. (1975) Observations on the reproductive biology of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) fryeri (Theo.) (Diptera, Culicidae). Bull. ent. Res. 65, 285–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Someren, E. C. C. van, Teesdale, C. and Furlong, M. (1955) The mosquitoes of the Kenya coast, records of occurrence, behaviour and habitat. Bull. ent. Res. 46, 463–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Someren, E. C. C. van, Heisch, R. B. and Furlong, M. (1958) Observations on the behaviour of some mosquitoes of the Kenya coast. Bull. ent. Res. 49, 643–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Someren, E. C. C. van and Furlong, M. (1964) The biting habits of Aedes (Skusea) pembaensis Theo. and some other mosquitoes of Faza Island, East Africa. Bull. ent. Res. 55, 97–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, G. B. (1974) Anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in Africa. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 68, 278–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO (1975) Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria Prepared by WHO Division of Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases. Part II. Methods and Techniques. WHO offset publication no. 13, Geneva.Google Scholar