Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T08:45:19.171Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

First Regular Observations on Leafhoppers, Cicadulina Spp., Vectors of Maize Streak Virus (MSV) in Southeastern Nigeria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Z. T. Dabrowski
Affiliation:
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria
F. Nwilene
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
R. Kumar
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Sciences, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Get access

Abstract

Regular field surveys were carried out in 2 week intervals in 1986 and 1987 to determine population density, species composition, migration activity of Cicadulina leafhoppers and their infectivity with maize streak virus (MSV) in different ecological locations of southeastern Nigeria: mangrove swamp forest (IITA and RIART station at Onne), deltaic swamp forest (RSUST, Port Harcourt), seasonal swamp forest (Iriebe) and high forest zone (NCRI, Amakama near Umuahia).

Population density was always low during dry season, significantly lower in the rain forest zone and higher in the swamp forest, rapidly rising in the second rainy season in all ecological zones and reaching its maximum before the rains finally stopped. Sharp increase in the population density in Nov. and Dec. may indicate mass migration activity of Cicadulina leafhoppers from already dry areas of adjacent Guinea savanna at that period.

Six species of Cicadulina were collected from most of sampled areas. C. ghaurii was the predominant species in 1986 and 1987, averaging 55.9% for all locations and periods. Its portion was higher in the mangrove swamp forest (Onne) than in the high forest zone (Amakama). The predominance of other species declined in the order: C. triangula (18.2%), C. mbila (17.2%), C. arachidis (5.9%), C. similis (2.8%) and C. hartmansi (0.1%). In absolute values, the portion of individuals out of the total number of leafhoppers collected was for C. triangula 53.7%, C. ghaurii 25.5%, C. mbila 17.3%, C. arachidis 2.3%, C. similis 1.1% and C. hartmansi0.1%. A high population of C. triangula occurred only in the relatively short period in Nov.-Dec, especially in Iriebe and was correlated with the rapid increase of Cicadulina densities in all sampled areas; a high migration activity of C. triangula and C. mbila was confirmed.

Incidence of MSV in the surveyed farmers' field varied between 0–22% in the first rainy season (1987) and 12–25% in the second rainy season (1986). The portion of Cicadulina adults already infected with MSV under field conditions and capable of transmitting MSV to the susceptible maize seedlings varied from 3.3 to 23.3%, with higher values for leafhoppers collected at the end of the second rainy season.

Résumé

En 1986 et 1987, des enquêtes ont été régulièrement réalisées en milieu réel, à deux semaines d'intervalle, afin de déterminer la densité des populations de cicadelles Cicadulina, leur composition spécifique, leurs mouvements migratoires ainsi que contagiosité du virus de la striure du maïs dont elles sont vectrices dans plusieurs écologies forestières du sud-est du Nigéria: les marais de mangrove (stations de l'IITA et du RIART à Onne), les marais de delta (RSUST, Port Harcourt), les marais saisonniers (Iriebe) et la zone de forêt dense (NCRI d'Amakama, prés de Umuahia).

La densité des colonies est toujours peu élevée en saison sèche; elle est particulièrement faible dans la forêt humid, et plus importante dans les marais. Elle croît rapidement durant la seconde saison des pluies dans toutes les écologies pour atteindre son maximum avant la fin des pluies. La forte augmentation de densité des mois de novembre et de décembre semble être due à une migration massive des cicadelles Cicadulina de la zone de savane guinéenne limitrophe qui, à cette époque, est déjà sèche.

Six espèces de Cicadulina ont été prélevées dans la plupart des écologies étudiées. C. ghaurii était l'espèce dominante en 1986 et 1987 (moyenne de 55,9% dans toutes les écologies, quelle que soit la période). Ce pourcentage était plus élevé dans les marais de mangrove (Onne) que dans la zone de forêt dense (Amakama). Les autres espèces rencontrées étaient, par ordre décroissant d'importance: C. triangula (18,2%), C. mbila (17,2%), C. arachidis (5,9%), C. similis (2,8%) et C. hartmansi (0,1%).

En valeurs absolues, l'espèce prédominante chez toutes les cicadelles prélevées était C. triangula (53,7%); ensuite C. ghaurii (25,5%), C. mbila (17,3%), C. arachidis (2,3%), C. similis (1,1%) et C. hartmansi (0,1%). Les colonies de C. triangula n'étaient importantes que durant une période relativement courte, entre novembre et décembre, surtout à Iriebe. Ce phénomène s'explique par l'accroissement rapide des densités de Cicadulina dans toutes les zones écologiques. Les mouvements migratoires particulièrement denses de C. triangula et de C. mbila ont été démontrés.

Dans les champs étudiés, l'incidence de la striure oscillait entre 0 et 22% au cours de la première saison des pluies (1987) et entre 12 et 25% au cours de la seconde (1986). Entre 3,3 et 23,3% des individus adultes de Cicadulina étaient infectés par la striure en conditions réelles et capables de transmettre cette maladie à des plantilles de maïs sensibles. Les pourcentages les plus élevés ont été enregistrés chez des cicadelles capturées à la fin de la seconde saison des pluies.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

China, W. E. (1928) Two new species of Cicadulina China (Homoptera, Jassidae) from the Gambia, West Africa. Bull. entomol. Res. 19, 6163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
China, W. E. (1936) A new species of Cicadulina China (Homoptera: Jassidae) injurious to maize in Tanganyika Territory. Bull. entomol. Res. 27, 251252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dabrowski, Z. T. (1983) Identifying and collecting Cicadulina for maize streak resistance screening. IITA Research Briefs 4, 23.Google Scholar
Dabrowski, Z. T. (1987a) Cicadulina ghaurii (Hemiptera, Euscelidae); distribution, biology and maize streak virus transmission. Zeuch, angew. Entomol., 100, 489496.Google Scholar
Dabrowski, Z. T. (1987b) Comparative studies of Cicadulina leafhoppers in West Africa. In Proceedings of the 2nd Int. Workshop on Leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Economic Importance (Edited by Wilson, M. R. and Nault, L. R.), pp. 3539. Provo, Utah, 28th July-lst August, 1986. London, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology.Google Scholar
Dabrowski, Z. T. (1987c) Two new species of Cicadulina China (Hemiptera, Euscelidae) from West Africa. Bull. entomol. Res. 77, 5356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deeming, J. C. (1981) The hemipterous fauna of a northern Nigerian cotton plot. Samaru J. Agric. Res. 1, 211222.Google Scholar
Efron, Y., Kim, S. K., Singh, J. and Bjarnason, M. (1981) IITA's maize improvement program. Presented at 1st Joint Planning Meeting for CEC Funded HYV-Technology Project, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, 59 October, 1981.Google Scholar
Fajemisin, J. M., Cook, G. E., Okusanya, F. and Shoyinka, S. A. (1976) Maize streak epiphytotic in Nigeria. Plant Dis. Rep. 60, 443447.Google Scholar
Fajemisin, J. M., Kim, S. K., Efron, Y. and Alam, M. S. (1982) Breeding for durable resistance in tropical maize with special reference to maize streak virus. FAO/IITA Expert Consultation on Durable Resistance Breeding, 2529 October, 1982, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Fennah, R. G. (1959) A new species of Cicadulina (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from East Africa. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 2, 757758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghauri, M. S. K. (1961) A new East African Cicadulina (Cicadellidae: Homoptera) resembling C. zeae China infesting maize in southern Rhodesia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 13), 4, 369370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghauri, M. S. K. (1964) A new species of Cicadulina China (Homoptera: Cicadelloidea) from Kenya. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 13) 7, 205208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) (1986) Solving the problem of maize streak virus: A research breakthrough to increase maize production in sub-Saharan Africa. Paper submitted for the King Baoudouin Award, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 5, Annex pp. 7.Google Scholar
Iloeje, N. P. (1981) A New Geography of Nigeria. Longman, Nigeria.Google Scholar
Okoth, V. A. O. and Dabrowski, Z. T. (1987) Population density, species composition and infectivity with maize streak virus (MSV) of Cicadulina spp. leafhoppers in some ecological zones in Nigeria. Oecol. Applic. 8, 191200.Google Scholar
Okoth, V. A. O., Dabrowski, Z. T. and Van Emden, H. F. (1987) Comparative biology of some Cicadulina species and populations from various climatic zones in Nigeria (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Bull. entomol. Res. 77, 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, D. J. W. (1972a) Times and sizes of dispersal flights by Cicadulina species vectors of maize streak diseases. J. Anim. Ecol. 41, 495506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, D. J. W. (1972b) Dispersal and quality in populations of Cicadulina species. J. Anim. Ecol. 41, 589609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, D. J. W. (1973) Laboratory observations on the biology of Cicadulina spp. (Horn., Cicadellidae) with particular reference to the effects of temperature. Bull. entomol. Res. 62, 471476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, D. J. W. (1978) Epidemiology of maize streak disease. A. Rev. Entomol. 23, 259282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, D. J. W. (1983) The distribution of various species of Cicadulina in different African countries, frequency of their attack and impact on crop production. In Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Biotaxonomy, Classification and Biology of Leafhoppers and Planthoppers (Auchenorrhyncha) of Economic Importance, (Edited by Knight, W. J., Pant, N. C., Robertson, T. S. and Wilson, M. R.), pp. 297304, London, 4–7 October, 1982. London, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology.Google Scholar
Rossel, H. W., Buddenhagen, I. W. and Thottappilly, G. (1980) Storey's maize mottle virus rediscovered? IITA Research Briefs. 1, 24.Google Scholar
Ruppel, R. F. (1965) A review of the genus Cicadulina (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae). Pubis. Mich. St. Univ. Mus. (Biol. Ser.) 2, 387428.Google Scholar
Soto, P. E., Buddenhagen, I. W. and Asnani, V. L. (1982) Development of streak virus-resistant maize populations through improved challenge and selection methods. Ann. Appl. Biol. 100, 539546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storey, H. H. (1928) Transmission studies of maize streak disease. Ann. Appl. Biol. 15, 125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Rensburg, G. D. J. (1983) Southern African species of the genus Cicadulina China (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) with descriptions of new species. Entomol. Mem. Dep. Agric. Rep. S. Afr. 57, 22.Google Scholar