Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T22:56:36.132Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Distribution and abundance, in maize and sorghum, of lepidopteran stemborers and associated indigenous parasitoids in Zanzibar

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

E. I. Niyibigira ,
Z. S. Abdallah ,
W. A. Overholt ,
V. Y. Lada  and
A. Van Huis
E. I. Niyibigira
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
Z. S. Abdallah
Affiliation:
Plant Protection Division of Zanzibar, P.O. Box 1062, Zanzibar, Tanzania
W. A. Overholt
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
V. Y. Lada
Affiliation:
Plant Protection Division of Zanzibar, P.O. Box 1062, Zanzibar, Tanzania
A. Van Huis
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
Get access

Abstract

Studies to determine the relative abundance and distribution of stemborer species and their associated parasitoids in maize and sorghum were carried out during the 1995–1996 and 1999–2000 cropping seasons on Unguja and Pemba, the two main islands of Zanzibar. Three stemborer species were found on both islands in maize and sorghum, with the exotic species Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae) being the most abundant and widely distributed species, accounting for 75.3 % of stemborer attack. It was followed by Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) and Ch. orichalcociliellus Strand (Crambidae). Stemborer abundance was significantly higher in Pemba (1.47 ± 0.20) than Unguja (0.85 ± 0.05). Overall stemborer density in Zanzibar, during the period of study, was 1 03 ± 0.08 stemborers per plant. Stemborer infestation was significantly higher during the short rainy season than long rainy season but it did not vary between maize and sorghum or coral rag and plantation areas. The indigenous parasitoids recorded included ten larval parasitoids: Bassus sp., Chelonus sp., Cotesia sp., Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron), Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday), Dolichogenidea sp., Dolichogenidea aethiopica Wilkinson, Dolichogenidea polaszeki Walker, Megaselia sp. and an unidentified Tachinidae. Among these, the braconid Co. sesamiae was the most common parasitoid, attacking all the stemborer species and recorded from 85.2 % of parasitised larvae. However, parasitism was low— 3.9 % on Unguja and 1.9 % on Pemba. In addition, the efficiency of Co. sesamiae was reduced by two hyperparasitoids—Aphagnomus fijiensis Ferrière and Elasmus sp. Seven pupal parasitoids were recorded, namely Dentichasmias busseolae Heinrich, Brachymeria sp. Westwood, Brachymeria olethria Waterston, Pediobius furvus Gahan, Psilochalcis soudanensis Steffan, Syzeuctus ruberrimus Benoit and an unidentified Chalcididae. The differences in species diversity between the two islands are discussed in the context of the equilibrium theory of biogeography and the geographical size. Classical biological control of the introduced stemborer Ch. partellus using the exotic parasitoid Co. flavipes to supplement the indigenous parasitoids in population regulation is proposed as a potentially useful option for Zanzibar.

Résumé

Pendant les périodes culturales de 1995–1996 et 1999–2000, des études ont été menées sur la l'abondance relative et la répartition des espèces de foreurs et leur ennemis naturels trouvés sur maïs et sorgho dans Unguja et Pemba deux îles de Zanzibar. Trois espèces ont été trouvés sur le maïs et le sorgho sur les deux îles. Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae) était le plus abondant et plus largement réparti. Il comptait pour 75.3% des infestations des borers, suivit par Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) et Ch. orichalcociliellus Strand (Crambidae). L'abondance des borers était plus élevé dans l'île de Pemba (1.47 ± 0.20) que dans celle d'Unguja (0.85 ± 0.05). En général la densité des borers à Zanzibar pendant la période d'étude était de 1.03 ± 0.08 foreurs par plant. L'infestation par les borers étaient particulièrement élevé pendant la courte saison des pluies, mais n'a pas variée entre le maïs, le sorgho, ou entre les plantations et les bancs de coraux. Dix parasitoids locaux ont été collectés parmi lesquels, Bassus sp., Chelonus sp., Cotesia sp., Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron), Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday), Dolichogenidea sp., Dolichogenidea aethiopica Wilkinson, Dolichogenidea polaszeki Walker, Megaselia sp., et un Tachinidae non identifié. Le Braconidae Co. sesamiae était le plus abondant et a été collecté à partir 85.2% de larves parasites, toutes les espèces de foreurs confondues. Toutefois, le parasitisme était bas, 3.9 sur Unguja et 1.9 % sur Pemba. L'efficacité des parasitoïdes était réduite par deux hyperparasitoïdes—Aphagnomus fijiensis Ferrière et Elasmus sp. Sept parasitoïdes de pupes ont aussi été collectés, notemment Dentichasmias busseolae Heinrich, Brachymeria sp. Westwood, Brachymeria olethria Waterston, Pediobhts farvtis Gahan, Psilochalcis soudanensis Steffan, Syzeuctus ruberrimus Benoit et un Chalcididae non identifié. Les differences en diversités spécifiques entre les deux îles sont discutées dans le contexte de la théorie de l'équilibre des biogéographie et des étendues géographiques. La lutte biologique classique du foreur introduit Ch. partellus qui utilise le parasitoïde exotique Co. flavipes pour renforcer l'action régulatrice des parasitoïdës locaux des borers est préconisée comme option utile pour Zanzibar.

Keywords

stemborerChilo partellusSesamia calamistisChilo orichalcociliellusindigenous parasitoidsCotesia sesamiaehyperparasitismbiological controlmaizesorghumZanzibarforeurChilo partellusSesamia calamistisChilo orichalcociliellusparasitoides locauxCotesia sesamiaehyperparasitismelutte biologiquemaïssorghoZanzibar
Type
Research Articles
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 21 , Issue 4 , December 2001 , pp. 335 - 346
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aders, W. M. (1913) Economic Zoology Report for the year 1913. Section III. Zanzibar Protectorate.Google Scholar
Allertz, P., Nadhil, H., Fakih, A., Abubakar, O. and Bakari, (1988) Crop loss assessment in maize due to stemborers on Unguja Islands, Zanzibar (unpublished report).Google Scholar
Arendse, P. W. (1990) Farmers' knowledge on and attitudes towards pest problems in Zanzibar (Unguja). Agricultural University Wageningen (Internal publication).Google Scholar
Atkinson, P. R. (1980) The biology, distribution and natural host plants of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Entomol. Soc. S. Afr. 48, 171–174.Google Scholar
Bezemer, M. (1994) Plant Protection in Practice. Report of five months practical period at the Plant Protection Division of Pemba. Dept. of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Internal Publication.Google Scholar
Bonhof, M. J. (2000) The impact of predators on maize stemborers in coastal Kenya. PhD Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands, 181 pp.Google Scholar
Bonhof, M. J., Overholt, W. A., van Huis, A. and Polaszek, A. (1997) Natural enemies of maize stemborer in East Africa: A review. Insect Sci. Applic. 17, 19–36.Google Scholar
Borsa, F. (1987) Coral Rag Agriculture. CUSO, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Briant, A. K. (1952a) Maize fertiliser trial (10). Supplement to Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture, Zanzibar for the year 1951, p. 6.Google Scholar
Briant, A. K. (1952b) Maize, Sorghum and Sunflower. Fertiliser trials. Supplement to Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture, Zanzibar for the year 1950, pp. 8–10.Google Scholar
Briant, A. K. (1953) Maize fertiliser trial (11). Supplement to Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture, Zanzibar for the year 1952, p. 1.Google Scholar
Briant, A. K. (1959) Crop husbandry. Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture, Zanzibar for the year 1958, pp. 11–21.Google Scholar
Briant, A. K. (1961) Cereals, groundnut and banana research. Annual report of the Department of Agriculture, Zanzibar for the year 1960, pp. 18–25.Google Scholar
Burton, R. F. (1872) Notes on the flora of Zanzibar. Section 4 of Chapter V (Geographical and Physiological). Zanzibar: City, Island and Coast. London, Tinsley Bros, 2 vol. (80).Google Scholar
De Wet, J. M. J. (1978) Systematics and evolution of sorghum Sect. Sorghum (Graminae). American J. Bot. 65, 477–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveleens, W. (1990) Crop losses and household food security in relation to farmers' practices in post harvest and storage. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, MALNR, Agricultural Planning Assistance Project No: UNDP/FAO/URT/86/0109, 57 pp.Google Scholar
FAO/IFAD (1987) United Republic of Tanzania. Zanzibar general identification mission. Report of the FAO/IFAD Cooperation Programme.Google Scholar
Feijen, H. R., Oswald, S. and Feijen, J. J. (1988) Crop Protection Manual, Zanzibar.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, T. (1983) Behavioural biology, feeding habits and ecology of three species of maize stemborers: Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Sesamia calamistis and Busseola fusca (Noctuidae) in Ibadan, Nigeria, West Africa. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 81, 259–272.Google Scholar
Kfir, R. (1990) Parasites of the spotted stalk borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in South Africa. Entomophaga 35, 403–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kfir, R. (1992) Seasonal abundance of the stemborer Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its parasites on summer grain crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 85, 518–529.Google Scholar
Kfir, R. (1997) Competitive displacement of Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) by Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 90, 619–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koenders, L. (1992) Agriculture in Pemba, Facts and Figures. Internal publication. 78 pp.Google Scholar
Le Pelly, R. (1959) Agricultural Insects of East Africa. East African High Commission, Nairobi, 307 pp.Google Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. O. (1963) An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution 17, 373–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R. H. and Wilson, E. O. (1967) The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J.244 pp.Google Scholar
Mathez, F. C. (1972) Chilo partellus Swinh., C. orichalcociliellus Strand (Lep.: Crambidae) and Sesamia calamistis Hmps (Lep.: Noctuidae) on maize in the coast province, Kenya. Mett. Schweiz. Entomol. Gesellschaft 45, 267–289.Google Scholar
Milner, J.E.D. (1967) Final report on a survey of the parasitoids of graminaceous stemborers in East Africa. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control.Google Scholar
Mohyuddin, A.I. and Attique, M.R. (1978) An assessment of loss caused by C. partellus to maize in Pakistan. PANS 24, 111–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohyuddin, A. I. and Greathead, D. J. (1970) An annotated list of the parasitoids of graminaceous stemborers in East Africa, with discussion of their potential in biological control. Entomophaga 15, 241–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyal, P. (1995) Borer infestation and damage in relation to maize stand density and water stress in Ivory Coast. Int. J. Pest Manage. 41, 114–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[NCDP] National Coconut Development Programme (1980) Land Suitability Survey. Phase I Report. GTZ/United Republic of Tanzania/NCDP. Agar-und Hydrotechnik (AHT), Essen.Google Scholar
Ndile, M. R. (1997) A study on maize stemborers in Bukoba District, Tanzania: Species composition, population dynamics and parasitism. MSc Thesis. Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Ngi-Song, A. J., Overholt, W. A. and Ayartey, J. N. (1995) Suitability of African stemborers for the development of Cotesia flavipes Cameron and Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environ. Entornol. 24, 978–984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nye, I. W. B. (1960) The insect pests of graminaceous crops in East Africa. Colonial Research Studies No. 31. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 48 pp.Google Scholar
Ofomata, V. C., Overholt, W. A. and Egwuatu, R. I. (1999) Diapause termination of Chilo partellas (Swinhoe) and Chilo orichalcociliellus Strand (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Insect Sci. Applic. 19, 189–191.Google Scholar
Ofomata, V. C., Overholt, W. A., Lux, S. A., van Huis, A. and Egwuatu, R. I. (2000) Comparative studies on the fecundity, egg survival, larval feeding, and development of Chilo partellus and Chilo orichalcociliellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on five grasses. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 93, 492–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oloo, G. W. (1989) The role of local natural enemies in population dynamics of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae) under subsistence systems in Kenya. Insect Sci. Applic. 10, 143–251.Google Scholar
Omwega, C. O., Rimani, S. W., Overholt, W. A. and Ogol, C. K. P. O. (1995) Evidence of the establishment of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in continental Africa. Bull. Entomol. Res. 85, 525–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omwega, C. O., Overholt, W. A., Mbapila, J. C. and Kimani-Njogu, S. W. (1997) Establishment and dispersal of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) an exotic endoparasitoid of Chilo partellus Swinhoè (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Northern Tanzania. African Entomology 5, 71–75.Google Scholar
Overholt, W. A. (1998) Biological control, pp. 349–362. In Cereal Stemborers in Africa: Taxonomy, Natural Enemies and Control (Edited by Polaszek, A.). CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Overholt, W. A., Ngi-Song, A. J., Omwega, C. O., Kimani-Njogu, S. W., Mbapila, J., Sallam, M. N. and Ofomata, V. (1997) A review of the introduction and establishment of Cotesia Bavipes Cameron in East Africa for biological control of cereal stemborers. Insect Sci. Applic. 17, 79–88.Google Scholar
Overholt, W. A., Ngi-Song, A. J., Kimani, S. K., Mbapila, J., Lammers, P. and Kioko, E. (1994a) Ecological considerations of the Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for biological control of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Africa. Biocontr. News Info. 15, 19–24.Google Scholar
Overholt, W. A., Ogedah, K. and Lammers, P. (1994b) Distribution and sampling of C. partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in maize and sorghum at the Kenyan Coast. Bull. Entomol. Res. 84, 367–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polaszek, A. (1995) Cereal stemborers in Africa: Taxonomy, Natural Enemies. Handbook for training course held at ICIPE Nairobi, 15–28 October 1995.Google Scholar
Polaszek, A. (1998) Cereal Stemborers in Africa: Taxonomy, Natural Enemies and Control (Edited by Polaszek, A.). CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Polaszek, A. and Kimani, S. W. (1990) Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) attacking eggs of pyralid pests (Lepidoptera) in Africa: A review and guide to identification. Bull. Entomol. Res. 80, 57–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polaszek, A. and LaSalle, J. (1995) The hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eurytomidae) of cereal stemborers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Pyralidae) in Africa. African Entomology 3, 131–146.Google Scholar
Polaszek, A. and Walker, A. K. (1991) The Cotesia flavipes species-complex: Parasitoids of cereal stemborers in the tropics. Redia 74, 335–341.Google Scholar
Polaszek, A., Ubek, J. A. and Bosque-Perez, N. A. (1993) Taxonomy of the Telenomus busseolae species-complex (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) egg parasitoids of cereal stemborers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Pyralidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 83, 221–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, F. W. (1962) The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity: Part I. Ecology 43, 185–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rao, P. K. and Ali, M. H. (1977) Some natural enemies of rice and sorghum stemborers in Andhra Pradesh. Indian J. Entomol. 38, 191–193.Google Scholar
Rigby, C. P. (1861) Report on the Zanzibar Dominions. Selection from the records of the Bombay Government New Ser. No. 59, 33 pp. (80). Bombay.Google Scholar
Robertson, I. A. D. (1965) Non Diptera collected in Tanganyika, J. Entomol. Soc. Sth. Afr. 28, 80–91.Google Scholar
SAS Institute (1988) SAS Users' Guide: Statistics, Version 6.12, Cary, NC. SAS Institute.Google Scholar
Scheibelreiter, G. K. von (1980) Sugarcane stemborers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae and Pyralidae) in Ghana. Z. Angew. Entomol. 89, 87–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Selby, F. H. (1963) Crop Investigations. Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture for the years 1961 and 1962, pp. 15–16.Google Scholar
Seshu Reddy, K. V. (1998) Maize and sorghum: East Africa, pp. 25–27. In Cereal Stemborers in Africa: Taxonomy, Natural Enemies and Control (Edited by Polaszek, A.). CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Shenhmar, M. and Brar, K. S. (1996) Efficacy of two strains of Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) for the control of sugarcane borers. Indian Sugar 45, 877–879.Google Scholar
Sitinole, S. Z. (1988) A review of yield losses and damage caused by maize stemborers in East, Central and southern Africa, pp. 74–87. In Crop Protection for Small-Scale Farms in East and Central Africa—Review. (Edited by Prinsley, R. T. and Terry, P. J.). Commonwealth Science Council.Google Scholar
Smith, J. W., Wiedenmann, R. N. and Overholt, W. A. (1993) Parasitoids of Lepidopteran Stemborers of Tropical Gramineous Plants. ICIPE Science Press, Nairobi. 89 pp.Google Scholar
SMZ (1987) Tables of Agriculture Survey 1985/86. Ministrv of Finance and Planning, Department of Statistics, Zanzibar.Google Scholar
Tarns, W.H.T. (1932) New species of African Heterocera. Entomologist 65, 1241–1249.Google Scholar
van Acterberg, C. and Polaszek, A. (1996) The parasitoids of cereal stemborers (Lepidoptera: Cosidae, Crambidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae) in Africa, belonging to the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Zoologische verhandelingen 304, 1–123.Google Scholar
van Keulen, A. (1990) Effects of fertiliser and insecticide on stemborer attack in maize under farmers' conditions. An on-farm trial to assess biological yield and profitability of these inputs. Department of Entomology, Wageningen University, Internal publication No: 184, 62 pp.Google Scholar
Walker, A. K. (1994) Species of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing lepidopterous stemborers in Africa. Bull. Entornol. Res. 84, 421–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wirth, F., Brosi, H., Feiler-Jessensky, G., Glasauer, P., Krause, G., Kunert, A. and Mdaihli, M. (1988) A Baseline Survey for the Identification of Farming Systems in Zanzibar, Centre for Advanced Training in Agricultural Development, Technical University of Berlin.Google Scholar
Zwart, K. W. R. (1998) Ichneumonidae, pp. 205–258. In Cereal Stemborers in Africa: Taxonomy, Natural Enemies and Control (Edited by Polaszek, A.). CAB International, Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Zhou, G., Baumgärtner, J. and Overholt, W. A. (2001) impact assessment of an exotic parasitoid on stemborer (Lepidoptera) population dynamics in Kenya. Ecological Applications (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar