Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T01:24:08.995Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The ecology of tsetse (Glossina spp.) (Diptera, Glossinidae): a review (1970–1981)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

A. Challier
A. Challier
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
Get access

Abstract

The literature published during 1970–1981 on tsetse ecology is reviewed. The geographical distribution of some species was affected during the drought of early 1970s. New maps of tsetse distribution in Africa and a few national maps have been published. The habitats of several species have been described in detail, particularly atypical habitats in peridomestic situations. Pupal ecology has not held the attention of ecologists so much; however, pupal duration and mortality have been assessed for a few species. Due to the importance of selective application of insecticides, resting sites and resting behaviour have been described in detail. Activity patterns have been correlated with climatic factors and also with sampling methods. Several works on host-seeking behaviour, flight performance and energy metabolism have been described. Host preferences of certain species have been found to be somewhat different from those previously recorded; and new host species have been discovered. Studies on fat and haematin content showed that these metabolites are useful indices of nutritional status to interpret feeding behaviour in relation to population sampling. A tsetse contact sex-pheromone has been discovered and synthetised; and attempts have been made to use it in the field. Studies on sound production by both sexes under various conditions of light and physiological state are in progress. Comparative studies on sampling techniques have received particular attention; several trap devices have been designed and tested to evaluate the reliability of samples. The determination of the age structure of populations has become more relevant to studies on population dynamics. Attempts have been made to calculate the growth rate of populations. Density-dependent factors started being taken into consideration in the assessment of populations. Several methods have been tried out to estimate population size. New pathogens, parasites and predators have been recorded.

Résumé

Cette revue fait le point des progrès réalisés dans l'étude de l'écologie des glossines durant la période 1970–1981. La répartition géographique de certaines espèces a été affectée durant la sécheresse du début des annéss soixante-dix. Une nouvelle carte de répartition des espèces et sous-espèces en Afrique et quelques nouvelles cartes à l'échelle nationale ont été publiées. Les habitats de plusieurs espèces ont été décrits en détail, particulièrement les habitats atypiques dans les situations péridomestiques. L'écologie des pupes n'a pas retenu toute l'attention souhaitée; cependant, la durée du stade pupal et la mortalité pupale ont été évaluées chez quelques espèces. Le comportement de repos et les lieux de repos des vecteurs importants ont été décrits en détail en vue de déterminer les surface de végétation à traiter lors des applications sélectives d'insecticides. Lés niveaux d'activite diurne ont été étudiés en fonction des facteurs climatiques et des méthodes d'échantillonnage des populations. Divers travaux ont été consacrés au comportement de recherche de l'hôte, a la dynamique du vol et au métabolisme énergétique. Les données collectées sur les préférences alimentaires montrent que certaines espèces ont des préférences un peu différentes de celles observées auparavant; de nouvelles espèces d'hôtes ont été découvertes. Les études sur le taux de graisse et d'hématine ont montré que ces métabolites fournissent des indices du statut alimentaire utiles pour interpréter le comportement des mouches vis à vis des systèmes d'échantillonnage. Une phéromone sexuelle de contact a été isolée et synthétisée; des tentatives ont été faites pour l'utiliser sur le terrain. Des études sur la production de sons chez les deux sexes, dans des conditions variées de lumière et d'état physiologique ont été entreprises. Les méthodes d'échantillonnage de populations ont été comparées; et plusieurs nouveaux modèles de pièges ont été mis au point et essayés sur le terrain afin d'évaluer la qualité des échantillons. La détermination de la structure par groupes d'âge des populations est devenue une opération courante. Des tentatives de calcul du taux de croissance des populations ont été faites et les facteurs dépendants de la densité ont été pris en considération. Plusieurs méthodes ont été utilisées pour estimer la taille des populations. Enfin, de nouveaux agents pathogénes, parasites et prédateurs ont été découverts.

Keywords

EcologyAfricatsetseEcologieAfriquetsetse
Type
Mini-Review Article
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 3 , Issue 2-3 , September 1982 , pp. 97 - 145
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abdel Razig, M. T. and Yagi, A. I. (1972) An attempt to survey and control tsetse flies in the western bank of Equatoria, Amadi area, prior to restocking. Sudan J. vet. Sci. 13, 1–10.Google Scholar
Abdel Razig, M. T. and Yagi, A. I. (1973) The distribution and advance of Glossina morsitans in Southern Darfur District, Sudan. Bull, epizoot. Dis Afr. 21, 253–255.Google Scholar
Abdel Razig, M. T., Yagi, A. I., Hassan, F. A. and Rahman, E. (1977) The status of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis in Southern Darfur Province with special reference to Wadi Umbelasha. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Fourteenth Meeting, Dakar, 15–17 April 1975, pp. 304–307. Organisation of African Unity Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 109).Google Scholar
Abdurrahim, U. (1971) A study of the diurnal resting behaviour of Glossina palpalis in southern Zaria, Northern Nigeria. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Thirteenth Meeting, Lagos, 7–11 September 1971, pp. 213–227. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 105).Google Scholar
Ade, E., Helmchen, G. and Heilgenmann, G. (1980) Synthesis of the stereoisomers of 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane—sex recognition pheromone of the tsetse fly. Tetrahedron Lett. 21, 1137–1140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ajayi, S. S. (1970) Day and night resting behaviour of Glossina palpalis (Diptera, Muscidae). Bull. ent. Soc. Niger. 2, 100–104.Google Scholar
Allsopp, R. and Baldry, D. A. T. (1972) A general description of the Lambwe Valley area of South Nyanza District, Kenya. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 47, 691–697.Google ScholarPubMed
Allsopp, R., Baldry, D. A. T. and Rodrigues, C. (1972) The influence of game animals on the distribution of feeding habits of Glossina pallidipes in Lambwe Valley. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 47, 795–809.Google ScholarPubMed
Allsopp, R. and Muhammed, S. (1977) A portable electric trap for sampling Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) populations in West Africa. Miscellaneous Report No. 39, COPR, London.Google Scholar
Andrewartha, H. G. and Birch, C. C. (1954) The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Ashton, D. R., Goodwin, J. T., Ba, A. and Cisse, A. (1981) Tsetse distribution in the Republic of Mali: an interim report. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé, 1979. pp. 341–348. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Atkinson, P. R. (1971a) A study of the breeding distribution of Glossina morsitans Westw. in northern Botswana. Bull. ent. Res. 60, 415–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, P. R. (1971b) Relative humidity in the breeding sites of Glossina morsitans Westw. in northern Botswana. Bull. ent. Res. 61, 241–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azevedo, J. F., Barreira, F., Guereiro, J. C. P., Prazeres, A. R., Tavares, R. and Gomes, F. A. C. (1970a) Utilization of the thymicine 14C in the study of the biology of the Glossina morsitans. In Criação da Mosca Tsé-tsé em Laboratório e Sua Aplicação Pratica. 1° Symposium Internacional 22 e 23 de Abril de 1969 (Tsetse Fly Breeding under Laboratory Conditions and Its Practical Application. 1st International Symposium 22nd and 23rd April, 1969) (Ed. by Azevedo, J. F.), pp. 417–420. Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal.Google Scholar
Azevedo, J. F., Santos, A. M. T., and Souza, A. (1970b) New attempts at sex differentiation of tsetse fly pupae by X-rays. In Criação da Mosca Tsé-tsé em Laboratorio e Sua Aplicação Pratica. 1° Symposium Internacional 22 e 23 de Abril de 1969 (Tsetse Fly Breeding under Laboratory Conditions and Its Practical Application. 1st International Symposium 22nd and 23rd April, 1969) (Ed. by Azevedo, J. F.), pp. 435–440. Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal.Google Scholar
Baldry, D. A. T. (1970) Observations on the peri-domestic breeding behaviour and resting sites of Glossina tachinoides Westw. near Nsuka, East Central State, Nigeria. Bull. ent. Res. 59, 585–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldry, D. A. T. (1980) Local distribution and ecology of Glossina palpalis and G. tachinoides in forest foci of West African human trypanosomiasis, with special reference to associations between peri-domestic tsetse and their hosts. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 85–93.Google Scholar
Baldry, D. A. T. (1981a) Some records of Syntomosphyrum (Hym., Eulophidae) parasitizing Glossina palpalis in Nigeria. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé, 1979, p. 135. Organisation of African Unity Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Baldry, D. A. T. (1981b) Observations on the daytime resting behaviour of Glossina morsitans submorsitans in south-western Nigeria. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé, 1979, p. 356. Organisation of African Unity Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Baldry, D. A. T. and Bennett, R. B. (1981) Preliminary appraisal of X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy for studying tsetse dispersal. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé, 1979, pp. 334–340. Organisation of African Unity Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Baldry, D. A. T. and Molyneux, D. H. (1980) Observations on the ecology and trypanosome infections of a relic population of Glossina medcorum Austen in the Komoe Valley of Upper Volta. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 74, 79–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balis, J. and Bergeon, P. (1970) Etude sommaire de la répartition des glossines dans l'empire d'Ethiopie. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 23, 181–187.Google Scholar
Barrass, R. (1970a) The flight activity and settling behaviour of Glossina morsitans Westw. (Dipt., Muscidae) in laboratory experiments. Bull. ent. Res. 59, 627–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barrass, R. (1970b) The activity of Glossina morsitans Westwood (Diptera:Muscidae) in laboratory experiments. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond (A) 45, 114–122.Google Scholar
Birkenmeyer, D. R. and Dame, D. A. (1975) Storage and sexual separation of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood puparia. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 69, 399–405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bois, J. F., Challier, A., Laveissière, C. and Ouedraogo, V. (1977) Recherche des lieux de repos diurnes des glossines (Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank 1949: Diptera, Glossinidae) par détection de spécimens marqués au 59Fe. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 15, 3–13.Google Scholar
Boorman, J., Boreham, P. and Mellor, P. (1978) The latex agglutination test for a blood-meal identification in haematophagous arthropods. In Patrick Manson 1844–1922 Medical Entomology Centenary, 1977. Symp. Proc. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyd. 129.Google Scholar
Boreham, P. F. L. and Gill, G. S. (1973) Serological identification of reptile feeds of Glossina. Acta trop. 30, 356–365.Google ScholarPubMed
Boyt, W. P. (1978) Food hosts of tsetse. Rhod. Sci. Newsl. 12, 141–143.Google Scholar
Boyt, W. P., Mackenzie, P. K. I. and Pilson, R. D. (1978) The relative attractiveness of donkeys, cattle, sheep and goats to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera:Glossinidae) in a middle-veld area of Rhodesia. Bull. ent. Res. 68, 497–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyt, W. P., Mackenzie, P. K. I., Pilson, R. D. and Leavis, H. (1972) The importance of the donkey (Eguus asinus) as a source of food and a reservoir of trypanosomes for Glossina morsitans Westw. Rhod. Sci. Newsl. 6, 18–20.Google Scholar
Brady, J. (1970) Characteristics of spontaneous activity in tsetse flies. Nature, Lond. 228, 286–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brady, J. (1972a) The visual responsiveness of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Westw. (Glossinidae) to moving objects: the effects of hunger, sex, host odour and stimulus characteristics. Bull. ent. Res. 62, 257–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, J. (1972b) Spontaneous, circadian components of tsetse fly activity. J. Insect Physiol. 18, 471–484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brady, J. (1973a) Changes in the probing responsiveness of starving tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans Westw.) (Diptera, Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res. 63, 247–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, J. (1973b) The pattern of spontaneous activity in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Westw. (Diptera, Glossinidae) at low temperatures. Bull. ent. Res. 63, 441–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, J. (1975a) Circadian changes in central excitability—the origin of behavioural rhythms in tsetse flies and other animals. J. Ent. (A) 50, 79–95.Google Scholar
Brady, J. (1975b) ‘Hunger’ in the tsetse fly: the nutritional correlates of behaviour. J. Insect Physiol. 21, 807–829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brady, J. (1978) Tsetse fly rhythms—environmental or physiological clock? In Patrick Manson 1844–1922 Medical Entomology Centenary, 1977. Symp. Proc. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 129.Google Scholar
Brady, J. and Crump, A. J. (1978) The control of circadian activity rhythms in tsetse flies: environmental or physiological clock? Physiol. Ent. 3, 177–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brothers, D. J. (1971) The genera of Mutillidae (Hymenoptera) parasitic on tsetse flies (Glossina, Diptera). J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 34, 101–102.Google Scholar
Bursell, E. (1961a) Starvation and desiccation in tsetse flies (Glossina). Entomologia exp. appl. 4, 301–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bursell, E. (1961b) The behaviour of tsetse flies (Glossina swvnnertoni Austen) in relation to problems of sampling. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 36, 9–20.Google Scholar
Bursell, E. (1966) The nutritional state of tsetse flies from different vegetation types in Rhodesia. Bull. ent. Res. 57, 171–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bursell, E. (1970a) Dispersal and concentration of Glossina. In The African Trypanosomiases (Ed by Mulligan, H. W.), pp. 382–394. George Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Bursell, E. (1970b) Theoretical aspects of the control of G. morsitans by game destruction. Zoologica afr. 5, 135–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bursell, E. (1981) Energetics of haematophagous arthropods: influence of parasites [workshop No. 7, pp. 95–116: digestion in haematophagous arthropods (report by P. A. Langley)]. Parasitology 82 (3rd European Multicolloquium of Parasitology, Cambridge, 7–13 September 1980, Workshop Proceedings), pp. 107–110.Google Scholar
Bursell, E. and Taylor, P. (1980) An energy budget for Glossina (Diptera:Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res. 70, 187–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buxton, P. A. (1955) The Natural History of Tsetse Flies. An Account of the Biology of the Genus Glossina (Diptera). Mem. Lond. Sch. Hyg. Trop. Med. No. 10, H. K. Lewis, London.Google Scholar
Carlson, D. A., Langley, P. A. and Huyton, P. (1978) Sex pheromone of the tsetse fly: isolation, identification, and synthesis of contact aphrodisiacs. Science 201, 750–753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carnevale, P. and Adam, J. P. (1971) Contribution à l'étude biologique de Glossina palpalis R.D. en République populaire du Congo. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Thirteenth Meeting, Lagos, 7–11 September 1971, pp. 207–211. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 105).Google Scholar
Cavalloro, R., Cuisance, D. and Lepers, A. (1971) Marquage des glossines par colorants et radioisotopes. Redia 52, 629–640.Google Scholar
Challier, A. (1965) Amélioration de la méthode de détermination de l'âge physiologique des glossines. Etudes faites sur Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank, 1949. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 58, 250–259.Google Scholar
Challier, A. (1971) Enquête sur les glossines des régions de Kossou, Tiébissou, Béoumi et San Pedro, en République de Côte d'Ivoire, du 16 au 31 août 1971. Rapport OCCGE-Centre Muraz, No. 261/ENT. 71.Google Scholar
Challier, A. (1973) Ecologie de Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank 1949 (Diptera—Muscidae) en savane d'Afrique Occidentale. Mém. O.R.S.T.O.M. No. 64.Google Scholar
Challier, A. (1977) Trapping technology. In Tsetse: The Future for Biological Methods in Integrated Control (Ed. by Laird, M.), pp. 109–123. IDRC, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Challier, A., Eyraud, M., Lafaye, A. and Laveissière, C. (1977) Amélioration du rendement du piège biconique pour glossines (Diptera, Glossinidae) par l'emploi d'un cône inférieur bleu. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 15, 283–286.Google Scholar
Challier, A. and Gouteux, J.-P. (1979) Enquêtes entomologiques dans le foyer de maladie du sommeil de Vavoua—République de Côte d'Ivoire (janvier-mars 1978). II Possibilités et essais de lutte en zone forestière contre Glossina palpalis palpalis (Rob.-Desv.). Documn tech. OCCGE No. 6770.Google Scholar
Challier, A. and Gouteux, J.-P. (1980) Ecology and epidemiological importance of Glossina palpalis in the Ivory Coast forest zone. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 77–83.Google Scholar
Challier, A. and Laveissière, C. (1973) Un nouveau piège pour la captare des glossines (Glossina: Diptera, Muscidae): description et essais sur le terrain. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 11, 251–262.Google Scholar
Challier, A. and Laveissière, C. (1977) La répartition des glossines en Haute-Volta. Carte à 1/2,000,000. Notice Explicative No. 69, O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris.Google Scholar
Chapman, N. G. (1976) Aerial spraying of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) in Rhodesia with ultra low volumes of endosulfan. Proc. Trans. Rhod. scient. Ass. 57, 12–21.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, V. and Parr, M. J. (1981) The ‘switch mechanism’ and sound production tsetse flies (Diptera:Glossinidae). J. nat. Hist. 15, 87–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clair, M. (1980) Standardisation des méthodes de prospection. In Evaluation des Projects de Lutte contre les Glossines et les Trypanosomes. Actes du Colloque Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire, 6–9 Novembre 1979, pp. 129–135. GTZ, Eschborn; IEMVT, Maisons-Alfort.Google Scholar
Crump, A. J. and Brady, J. (1979) Circadian activity patterns in three species of tsetse fly: Glossina palpalis, austeni and morsitans. Physiol. Ent. 4, 311–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuisance, D. (1974a) Evolution sous l'action de la sécheresse d'une population isolée de Glossina tachinoides Westw. (Région du Bas Logone, Tchad). Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 27, 95–107.Google Scholar
Cuisance, D. (1974b) Appréciation comparée de la densité d'une population isolée de Glossina tachinoides Westw. par deux méthodes classiques: le circuit de capture et les marquages-recaptures. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 27, 437–450.Google Scholar
Cuisance, D. and Itard, J. (1970) Technique de marquage des glossines au moyen des radioisotopes. In Sterility Principle for Insect Control or Eradication. Proceedings of a Symposium on the Sterility Principle for Insect Control or Eradication Jointly Organized by the IAEA and FAO and Held in Athens 14–18 September 1970. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (STI/PUB/265).Google Scholar
Cuisance, D. and Itard, J. (1971) Marquage des glossines au moyen de radioisotopes. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 24, 565–576.Google ScholarPubMed
Cuisance, D. and Itard, J. (1973a) Comportement de mâles stériles de Glossina tachinoides Westw. lâchés dans les conditions naturelles-environs de Fort-Lamy (Tchad). I. Transport, lâchers, rythme d'activité, action sur la population sauvage. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 26, 55–76.Google Scholar
Cuisance, D. and Itard, J. (1973b) Comportement de mâles stériles de Glossina tachinoides Westw. lâchés dans les conditions naturelles. Environs de Fort-Lamy (Tchad). II. Longevité et dispersion. Revue Élev. Méd vét. Pays trop. 26, 169–186.Google Scholar
Cuisance, D., and Itard, J. (1973c) Lâchers de mâles stériles de Glossina tachinoides Westw. dans un gîte naturel de faible densité (Bas-Logone, Cameroun). Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 26, 405–422.Google Scholar
Cuisance, D., Itard, J. and Boreham, P. F. L. (1973) Comportement des mâles stériles de ‘Glossina tachinoides’ Westw. lâchés dans les conditions naturelles. Environs de Fort-Lamy (Tchad). III. Lieux et hauteurs de repos. Comportement alimentaire. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 26, 323–338.Google Scholar
Cuisance, D., Politzar, H., Bourdoiseau, G., Fevrier, J. and Sellin, E. (1981) Efficiency of chemical and mechanical barriers, reinforced by biconic traps, against Glossina palpalis gamhiensis. In International Scientific Councillor Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé 1979, pp. 487–491. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Cuisance, D., Politzar, H., Clair, M., Sellin, E. and Taze, Y. (1978) Impact des lâchers de mâles stériles sur les niveaux de deux populations sauvages de Glossina palpalis gamhiensis en Haute-Volta (sources de la Volta Noire). Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 31, 315–328.Google Scholar
Cuisance, D., Politzar, H., Clair, M., Sellin, E., Taze, Y., Bourdoiseau, G. and Fevrier, J. (1980a) La lutte contre Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank par lâchers de mâles irradiés en Haute-Volta. Etude de paramètres opérationnels. In Isotope and Radiation Research on Animal Diseases and Their Vectors. Proceedings of a Symposium on Isotope and Radiation Research on Animal Diseases and Their Vectors Jointly Organized by the IAEA and FAO and Held in Vienna 7–11 May 1979, pp. 249–264. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (STI/PUB/525).Google Scholar
Cuisance, D., Politzar, H., Fevrier, J., Bourdoiseau, G. and Sellin, E. (1980b) Association d'un traitement insecticide avec la méthode du mâle stérile contre Glossina palpalis gambiensis: intérêt de la mise en oeuvre de plusieurs méthodes. Revue Élev. Méd. vèt. Pays trop. 33, 127–133.Google Scholar
Curtis, C. F., Curtis, J. and Hamann, H. I. (1973) Experiments on radioactivation labelling of the tsetse fly. Glossina morsitans. Int. J. appl. Radiat. Isotopes 24, 535–543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, J. E. (1978) The use of ageing techniques to evaluate the effects of aerial spraying against Glossina morsitans centralis Machado (Diptera:Glossinidae) in northern Botswana. Bull. em. Res. 68, 373–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denlinger, D. L. and Ma, W. C. (1974) Dynamics of the pregnancy cycle in the tsetse Glossina morsitans. J. Insect Physiol. 20, 1015–1026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diallo, A. (1979) Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead 1910 (Diptera, Muscidae). Ecodistribution et fluctuations saísoníères dans le ranch d'élevage de Madina-Diassa (Yanfolila) Mali. Thesis, C.P.S./E.N. Sûp. Bamako, Mali.Google Scholar
Diallo, A. (1981) Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead 1910 (Diptera, Muscidae) en zone de savane soudano guinéenne du Mali. I. Ecodistribution et fluctuations saisonnières. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 34, 179–185.Google Scholar
Drager, N. (1981) Tsetse fly activities in Northern Ghana (1909–1980). GTZ; Report, Eschborn, GTZ (unpublished).Google Scholar
Egon, M. (1979) Investigating Animal Abundance: Capture-Recapture for Biologists. Edward Arnold, London.Google Scholar
Elsen, P. (1973) Observations sur l'écologie des glossines dans la région de Kinshasa, Zaire (Glossina fuscipes quanzensis et Glossina tabaniformis). Annls Soc. belge Méd. trop. 53, 137–163.Google ScholarPubMed
Elsen, P. (1974) Hypothèses sur les divergences rencontrées dans la littérature concernant l'écologie des glossines. Annls Soc. belge Méd. trop. 54, 79–86.Google Scholar
Emslie, V. W. and Steinberg, E. A. (1973) The production in the bovine of antibody specific for closely related species and the use of such antisera in the identification of tsetse blood meals. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 67, 213–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
England, E. C. and Baldry, D. A. T. (1972a) The hosts and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina pallidipes in the Lambwe and Roo Valleys. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 47, 785–788.Google ScholarPubMed
England, E. C. and Baldry, D. A. T. (1972b) Observations on the relative attractiveness to Glossina pallidipes of different animal baits, a tsetse trap, and a fly-round patrol. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 47, 789–793.Google Scholar
Eouzan, J.-P. and Ferrara, L. (1978a) Comportement péridomestique de Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) dans un foyer de maladie du sommeil au Cameroun. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 16, 237–242.Google Scholar
Eouzan, J.-P. and Ferrara (1978b) Habitat et rythme d'activité de Glossina caliginea dans une zone littorale du Sud-Cameroun. Comparaison avec Glossina palpalis palpalis. Cah. O.R.S.TO.M. Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 16, 243–250.Google Scholar
Eouzan, J.-P., Frezil, J.-L. and Lancien, J. (1981a) Epidémiologie de la trypanosomiase humaine au Congo: les déplacements des glossines dans le foyer du ‘Couloir’. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 19, 81–85.Google Scholar
Eouzan, J.-P., Frezil, J.-L. and Lancien, J. (1981b) Epidemiologie de la trypanosomiase humaine au Congo: les déplacements des glossines dans le foyer du couloir. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé, 1979, pp. 173–176. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific Research and Technical Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Erickson, I. E. C. and Møller, A. R. (1975a) Tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans produces ultrasound related to behaviour. Experientia 31, 788–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erickson, I. E. C. and Møller, A. R. (1975b) Sound production in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans. J. acoust. Soc. Am. 57, 984–986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etten, J. van (1978) Population diversity. ICIPE Fifth Annual Report—1979, pp. 56–57.Google Scholar
Etten, J. van (1979) Comparative studies on some aspects of the feeding of tsetse flies from two populations of Glossina pallidipes Austen in Kenya. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Fifteenth Meeting. Banjul, 1977, pp. 286–294. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 110).Google Scholar
Etten, J. van (1981a) Comparative studies on the relative efficiency of two trap types for two allopatric populations of Glossina pallidipes in Kenya. Entomologia exp. appl. 29, 209–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etten, J. van (1980) A comparison of the performance of laboratory colonies of Glossina pallidipes Austen from two allopatric populations in Kenya. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 177–183.Google Scholar
Etten, J. van (1981b) Population diversity in the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Austen. Thesis, University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Fain, A. and Elsen, P. (1972a) Notes sur les acariens parasites ou commensaux des mouches tsétsé s.1. Familles Saproglyphidae et Anoetidae (Sarcoptiformes). Acta zool. Path. 55, 71–90.Google Scholar
Fain, A. and Elsen, P. (1972b) Notes sur les Acariens parasites ou commensaux des mouches tsé-tsés. II. Famille Erythraeidae (Trombidiformes). Acta zool. Path. 56, 61–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Falana, St. (1974) Preliminary notes on the response behaviour of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) and Glossina longipalpis Wied. to man and ox-bait in their natural habitat. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 67, 544–549.Google Scholar
Ferrara, L. (1979) Le piège biconique à glossines de Challier et Laveissière. Eléments pratiques détaillés pour sa construction. In Rapport Final de la Douzième Conférence Technique de l'OCEAC. Yaoundé, 18–20 avril 1978, Tome II. pp. 473–486. Yaoundé, OCEAC.Google Scholar
Fevrier, J. C. (1978) Contribution à l'étude des trypanosomoses animales dans la province de Gemu Goffa, Ethiopie. Thesis, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Alfort, France.Google Scholar
Finelle, P. (1980) Répercussions des programmes d'aménagement hydraulique et rural sur l'épidémiologie et l'épizoo tiologie des trypanosomiases. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 95–98.Google Scholar
Fletcher, B. S., Kapatos, E. and Southwood, T. R. E. (1981) A modification of the Lincoln index for estimating the population densities of mobile insects. Ecol. Ent. 6, 397–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fontes e Souza, C. (1970) New contribution to the study of the geographical distribution of the Glossina (Diptera-Glossinidae) in Angola. In Criação da Mosca Tsé-tsé em Laboratório e Sua Aplicação Pratica. 1° Symposium Internacional 22 e 23 de Abril de 1969 (Tsetse Fly Breeding under Laboratory Conditions and Its Practical Application. 1st International Symposium 22nd and 23rd April, 1969) (Ed. by Azevedo, J. F.), pp. 461–469. Junta de Investigates do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal.Google Scholar
Ford, J. (1970) The geographical distribution of Glossina. In The African Trypanosomiases (Ed. by Mulligan, H. W.), pp. 274–295. George Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Ford, J. (1971) The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology. A Study of the Tsetse Fly Problem. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Ford, J. and Katondo, K. M. (1977a) Maps of tsetse fly (Glossina) distribution in Africa, 1973, according to sub-generic groups on scale of 1:5,000 000. Bull. Anim. Hlth Production 25, 187–193.Google Scholar
Ford, J. and Katondo, K. M. (1977b) Revision of the Glossina distribution map of Africa. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Fourteenth Meeting, Dakar, 1975, pp. 252–256. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 109).Google Scholar
Ford, J. and Katondo, K. M. (1979) Tsetse distribution maps in Africa. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Fifteenth Meeting, Banjul, 1977, p. 335. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 110).Google Scholar
Ford, J., Maudlin, I. and Humphrys, K. C. (1972) Comparison between three small collections of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Machado) (Diptera:Glossinidae) from the Kilombero River Valley, Tanzania, Part I. Characteristics of flies exhibiting different patterns of behaviour. Acta trop. 29, 231–249.Google Scholar
Freeman, G. H. (1977) A model relating numbers of dispersing insects to distance and time. J. appl. Ecol. 14, 477–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frezil, J.-L. and Carnevale, P. (1976) Utilisation de la carboglace pour la capture de Glossina fuscipes quanzensis Pires, 1948, avec le piège Challier-Laveissière. Conséquences épidémiologiques. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér ent. méd. Parasit. 14, 225–233.Google Scholar
Frezil, J.-L., Eouzan, J.-P., Coulm, J., Molouba, R. and Malonga, J.-R. (1979) Epidemiologie de la trypanosomiase humaine en République Populaire du Congo. I. Le foyer du couloir. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 17, 165–179.Google Scholar
Fuller, G. K. (1978) Distribution of Glossina (Diptera:Glossinidae) in south-western Ethiopia. Bull. ent. Res. 68, 299–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatehouse, A. G. (1972a) Some responses of tsetse flies to visual and olfactory stimuli. Nature New Biol. 236, 63–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatehouse, A. G. (1972b) Host-finding behaviour of tsetse flies. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 51, Suppl. 1, 83–95.Google Scholar
Geigy, R. and Boreham, P. F. L. (1976) Culverts and trypanosome transmission in the Serengeti National Park (Tanzania). I. Survey of the culverts. Acta trop. 33, 57–67.Google ScholarPubMed
Glasgow, J. P. (1963) The Distribution and Abundance of Tsetse. Pergamon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Glasgow, J. P. (1970) The Glossina community. In The African Trypanosomiases (Ed. by Mulligan, H. W.), pp. 348–381. George Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Glasgow, J. P. and Phelps, R. J. (1970) Methods for the collecting and sampling of Glossina. In The African Trypanosomiases (Ed. by Mulligan, H. W.), pp. 395–415. George Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Glasgow, J. P. and Potts, W. H. (1970) Control by handcatching and traps. In The African Trypanosomiases (Ed. by Mulligan, H. W.), pp. 456–463. George Alien & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Gouteux, J.-P., Challier, A. and Laveissière, C. (1981) Modifications et essais du piège à glossines (Diptera, Glossinidae) Challier-Laveissière. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 19, 87–99.Google Scholar
Greathead, D. J. (1980) Biological control of tsetse flies: an assessment of insect parasitoids as control agents. Bio-control News Inf. 1, 111–123.Google Scholar
Gruvel, J. (1970a) Observations concernant Thyridanthrax argentifrons parasite de pupes de Glossina tachinoides W. In Criação da Mosca Tsé-tsé em Laboratório e Sua Aplicação Pratica. 1° Symposium Internacional 22 e 23 de Abril de 1969 (Tsetse Fly Breeding under Laboratory Conditions and Its Practical Application. 1st International Symposium 22nd and 23rd April, 1969) (Ed. by Azevedo, J. F.), pp. 311–316. Junta de Investigções do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal.Google Scholar
Gruvel, J. (1970b) Observations écologiques concernant Glossina tachinoides dans la région du Bas-Chari (Tchad). In Criação da Mosca Tsé-tsé em Laboratório e Sua Aplicação Pratica. 1° Symposium Internacional 22 e 23 de Abril de 1969 (Tsetse Fly Breeding under Laboratory Conditions and Its Practical Application. 1st International Symposium 22nd and 23rd April, 1969) (Ed. by Azevedo, J. F.), pp. 445–454. Junta de Investigções do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal.Google Scholar
Gruvel, J. (1974a) Quelques aspects de la biologie de Thyridanthrax beckerianus Bezz 1924 (Diptera, Bombyllidae) parasite des pupes de G. tachinoides. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 27, 419–429.Google Scholar
Gruvel, J. (1974b) Sécheresse, écologie et lutte contre Glossina tachinoides dans la région du Bas-Chari. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 27, 451–457.Google Scholar
Gruvel, J. (1975a) Données générales sur l'écologie de Glossina tachinoides Westwood, 1950, dans la réserve de Kalamaloué, vallée du Bas-Chari (I). Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 28, 27–40.Google Scholar
Gruvel, J. (1975b) Vie pré-imaginale de G. tachinoides W., larve libre, pupaison, lieux de ponte (II). Revue Élev. M éd. vét. Pays trop. 28, 41–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruvel, J. (1975c) Nutrition de Glossina tachinoides (III). Revue Élev. Méd vét. Pays trop. 28, 49–60.Google ScholarPubMed
Gruvel, J. (1975d) Lieux de repos de Glossina tachinoides W. (IV). Revue Élev. Méd. vét Pays trop. 28, 153–172.Google ScholarPubMed
Gruvel, J. (1975e) Activités de Glossina tachinoides W. (V). Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 28, 173–193.Google ScholarPubMed
Gruvel, J. (1975f) Structure des populations de Glossina tachinoides W. à la réserve de Kalamaloué (VI). Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 28, 195–215.Google Scholar
Gruvel, J., Troncy, P. M. and Tibayrenc, R. (1970) Contribution à la connaissance de la distribution des glossines au Nord-Cameroun. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 23, 83–91.Google Scholar
Hadaway, A. B. (1977) Resting behaviour of tsetse flies, and its relevance to their control with residual insecticides. Miscellaneous Report No. 36, COPR, London.Google Scholar
Hamada, R. (1976) Density estimation by the modified Jackson's method. Appl. ent. Zool. 11, 194–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamann, H. J. and Iwannek, K. H. (1978) Untersuchungen zur radioaktiven Markierung der Tsetsefliege Glossina palpalis palpalis Rob.-Desv., mit Phosphor-32. Z. angew. Ent. 86, 434–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamann, H. L. and Iwannek, K. H. (1979) Labelling of the tsestse fly Glossina palpalis palpalis by activable elements. Entomologia exp. appl. 25, 98–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamann, H. L. and Iwannek, K. H. (1981) The use of the indicator activation method for the labelling of tsetse flies. Z. angew. Ent. 91, 206–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamann, H. J. and Langley, P. A. (1978) Attempts to label males of G. morsitans and their spermatozoa with 32P or 14C by injection of adult males and parental females. Int. J. appl. Radiat. Isotopes 29, 315–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. (1972) Preliminary studies on the physics of tsetse flight. Rhod. Sci. Newsl. 6, 6–9.Google Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. (1975a) The flight performance of tsetse flies. J. Insect Physiol. 21, 1385–1395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hargrove, J. W. (1975b) Some changes in the flight apparatus of tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans and G. pallidipes, during maturation. J. Insect Physiol. 21, 1485–1489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. (1976) The effect of human presence on the behaviour of tsetse (Glossina spp.) (Diptera, Glossinidae) near a stationary ox. Bull. ent. Res. 66, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. (1977) Some advances in the trapping of tsetse (Glossina spp.) and other flies. Ecol. Ent. 2, 123–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. (1980a) The effect of model size and ox odour on the alighting response of Glossina morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera:Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res. 70, 229–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. (1980b) Improved estimates of the efficiency of traps for Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera:Glossinidae), with a note on the effect of the concentration of accompanying host odour on efficiency. Buil. ent. Res. 70, 579–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. (1980c) The effect of ambient temperature on the flight performance of the mature male tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans. Physiol. Ent. 5, 397–00.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. (1981) Tsetse dispersal reconsidered. J. Anim. Ecol. 50, 351–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. and Vale, G. A. (1978) The effect of host odour concentration on catches of tsetse flies (Glossinidae) and other Diptera in the field. Bull. ent. Res. 68, 607–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. and Vale, D. A. (1979) Aspects of the feasibility of employing odour-baited traps for controlling tsetse flies (Diptera:Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res. 69, 283–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hargrove, J. W. and Vale, G. A. (1980) Catches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera:Glossinidae) in odour-baited traps in riverine and deciduous woodlands in the Zambesi Valley of Zimbabwe. Bull. ent. Res. 70, 571–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harley, J. M. B. (1967) Further studies on age and trypanosome infection rates in Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. hrevipalpis Newst. in Uganda. Bull. ent. Res. 57, 459–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmsen, R. (1973) The nature of the establishment barrier for Trypanosoma brucei in the gut of Glossina pallidipes. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 364–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, R. H. T. P. (1930) Report on the bionomics of tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes Aust.), and a preliminary report on a new method of control. Presented to the Provincial Administration of Natal, Pietermaritzburg.Google Scholar
Herting, B. (1978) A Catalogue of Parasites and Predators of Terrestrial Arthropods. Section A. Host or Prey/Enemy. Vol. 5. Neuroptera, Diptèra, Siphonaptera. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Farnham Royal, Slough.Google Scholar
Hursey, B. S. (1970) Observations on factors affecting emergence of Glossina pallidipes Austen and parasitization of this species by Thyridanthrax ahruptus Loew. In Criação da Mosca Tsé-tsé em Laboratório e Sua Aplicação Prática. 1° Symposium Internacional 22 e 23 de Abril de 1969 (Tsetse Ely Breeding under Laboratory Conditions and Its Practical Application. 1st International Symposium 22nd and 23rd April, 1969) (Ed. by Azevedo, J. F.), pp. 317–328. Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal.Google Scholar
Huyton, P. M. and Brady, J. (1975) Some effects of light and heat on the feeding and resting behaviour of tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans Westwood. J. ent. (A) 50, 23–30.Google Scholar
Huyton, P. M., Langley, P. A., Carson, D. A. and Coates, T. W. (1980a) The role of sex pheromones in initiation of copulatory behaviour by male tsetse flies. Glossina morsitans morsitans. Physiol. Ent. 5, 243–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huyton, P. M., Langley, P. A., Carlson, D. A. and Schwarts, M. (1980b) Specificity of contact pheromones in tsetse flies, Glossina spp. Physiol. Ent. 5, 253–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IEMVT (1973) Note d'information sur les symboles internationaux utilisés pour représenter sur les cartes la répartition des espèces et des sous-espèces de mouches tsé–tsé. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 26, 187.Google Scholar
Ito, Y. (1973) A method to estimate a minimum population density with a single recapture census. Res. Popul. Ecol. 14, 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, C. H. N. (1933) The causes and implications of hunger in tsetse flies. Bull. ent. Res. 24, 443–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, C. H. N. (1939) The analysis of an animal population. J. anim. Ecol. 8, 238–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, C. H. N. (1940) The analysis of a tsetse fly population. Ann. Eugen. 10, 332–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, C. H. N. (1946) An artificially isolated generation of tsetse flies. Bull. ent. Res. 37, 291–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, C. H. N. (1948) The analysis of a tsetse fly population. III. Ann. Eugen 14, 91–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, C. H. N. (1949) The biology of tsetse flies. Biol. Rev. 24, 174–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaenson, T. G. T. (1978a) Reproductive biology of the tsetse fly Glossina pullidipes Austen (Diptera, Glossinidae) with special reference to mating behaviour (Abstract of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science 479). Acta Univ. upsal. 479, 1–40.Google Scholar
Jaenson, T. G. T. (1978b) Mating behaviour of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera, Glossinidae): genetic differences in copulation time between allopatric populations. Entomologia exp. appl. 24, 100–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaenson, T. G. T. (1978c) Virus-like rods associated with salivary gland hyperplasia in tsetse, Glossina pallidipes. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 72, 234–238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaenson, T. G. T. (1979a) Mating behaviour of males of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera:Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res. 69, 573–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaenson, T. G. T. (1979b) Mating behaviour of Glossina pallidipes (Diptera, Glossinidae): duration of copulation, insemination and fecundity. Entomologia exp. appl. 26, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaenson, T. G. T. (1980) Mating behaviour of females of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera:Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res. 70, 49–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenni, L. (1973) Virus–like particles in a strain of G. morsitans centralis, Machado 1970 (13th seminary on trypanosomiasis). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenni, L., Molyneux, D. H., Livesey, J. L. and Galun, R. (1980) Feeding behaviour of tsetse flies infected with salivarian trypanosomes. Nature, Lond. 283, 383–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenni, L. and Steiger, R. F. (1974a) Virus-like particles of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newst. 1910. Acta trop. 31, 177–180.Google Scholar
Jenni, L. and Steiger, R. F. (1974b) Virus-like particles in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans spp. Preliminary results. Revue suisse Zool. 81, 663–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolly, G. M. (1965) Explicit estimates from capture-recapture data with both death and immigration: stochastic model. Biometrika 52, 225–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jordan, A. M. (1965) Long-term fluctuations in numbers of a population of Glossina palpalis (R. D.) sixteen years' observations. In International Scientific Committee for Trypanosomiasis Research, Tenth Meeting, Kampala, 24–28 October, 1964, pp. 85–90. Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa, Lagos (publication No. 97).Google Scholar
Jordan, A. M. (1974) Recent developments in the ecology and methods of control of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Dipt., Glossinidae)—a review. Bull. ent. Res. 63, 361–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kangwagye, T. N. (1971) Observations on Glossina fuscipes Newstead, G. fuscipleuris Austen and G. pallidipes Austen in Western Uganda. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Thirteenth Meeting, Lagos, 1971, pp. 187–191. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 105).Google Scholar
Kangwagye, T. N. (1973) Diurnal and nocturnal biting activity of flies (Diptera) in western Uganda. Bull. ent. Res. 63, 17–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kangwagye, T. N. (1974) The seasonal incidence of biting flies (Diptera) in Ruwenzori National Park and Kigezi Game Reserve, Uganda. Bull. ent. Res. 63, 535–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katabazi, B. K. and Matechi, H. T. (1979) Assessment of the residual effectiveness of Gardona against tsetse flies in a savannah habitat. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Fifteenth Meeting, Banjul, 1977, pp. 541–547. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commisssion (publication No. 110).Google Scholar
Kawooya, J. (1977) Demonstration of multiple insemination in females of Glossina morsitans Westwood, using a phenotype genetic marker Ocra. Z. ungevi. Ent. 84, 321–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenya (1970) National Atlas of Kenya, 3rd edn.Survey of Kenya, Kenya Government.Google Scholar
Koch, K. and Spielberger, U. (1979) Comparison of handnets, biconical traps and an electric trap for sampling Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and G. tachinoides Westwood (Diptera:Glossinidae) in Nigeria. Bull. ent. Res. 69, 243–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolbe, F. F. (1971) The social organisation and functional integration of a tsetse fly community. Rhod. Sci. Newsl. 6, 28–29.Google Scholar
Kolbe, F. F. (1973) The modulated sounds made by the tsetse fly G. brevipalpis Newstead. Zoologica Afr. 8, 241–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Küpper, W. (1980) Jahres- und Abshlussbericht 1978–1980. Tsetseprospektion Obervolta. Projektnummer: 77. 2178.0 ab 1.11.1979. 73.2069.0, Bobo-Dioulasso.Google Scholar
Kuzoe, F. A. S. (1971) Distribution of Glossina in areas peripheral to the Volta lake. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Thirteenth Meeting, Lagos, 1971, pp. 197–204. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 105).Google Scholar
Kuzoe, F. A. S., Baldry, D. A. T., Van der Vloedt, A. and Cullen, J. R. (1981) Observation on an apparent population extension of Glossina tachinoides Westwood in southern Ivory Coast. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaounde, 1979, p. 333. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Laird, M. (Ed.) (1977) Tsetse: The Future for Biological Methods in Integrated Control. IDRC, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Lambrecht, F. L. (1972) Field studies of Glossina morsitans Westw. (Dipt., Glossinidae) in relation to Rhodesian sleeping sickness in N'Gamiland, Botswana. Bull. ent. Res. 62, 183–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambrecht, F. L. (1973) Colour attraction of Glossina morsitans in N'Gamiland, Botswana. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 76, 94–96.Google ScholarPubMed
Lambrecht, F. L. (1980a) Studies on the population and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina pallidipes Austen, in Meru National Park, Kenya. In ICIPE Seventh Annual Reporr—1979, pp. 96–103.Google Scholar
Lambrecht, F. L. (1980b) Palaeoecology of tsetse flies and sleeping sickness in Africa. Proc. Am. phil. Soc. 124, 367–385.Google ScholarPubMed
Lancien, J., Molinier, M., Carnevale, P. and Frezil, J.-L. (1979) Dynamique d'une population isolée de Glossina fuscipes quanzensis au Congo. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 17, 127–136.Google Scholar
Langley, P. A. (1974) Sex recognition in tsetse flies. In Actes du Colloque sur les Moyens de Lutte contre les Trypanosomes et Leurs Vecteurs, Paris 12–15 Mars 1974. Revue élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. Suppl., 93–95.Google Scholar
Langley, P. A. (1977) Physiology of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Diptera:Glossinidae): a review. Bull. ent. Res. 67, 523–574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langley, P. A., Huyton, P. M., Carlson, D. A. and Schwarz, M. (1981) Effects of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera:Glossinidae) sex pheromone on behaviour of males in field and laboratory. Bull. ent. Res. 71, 57–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langley, P. A., Pimley, R. W. and Carlson, D. A. (1975) Sex recognition pheromone in tsetse fly Glossina morsitans. Nature, Lond. 254, 51–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langridge, W. P. (1976) A Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Survey of Ethiopia. Report, Ministry of Overseas Development.Google Scholar
Langridge, W. P. (1977) Design and operation of the ‘Langridge’ tsetse fly trap. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Fourteenth Meeting, Dakar, 1975, pp. 277–281. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 109).Google Scholar
Langridge, W. P. and Smith, J. A. (1972) The host preference of Glossina swynnertoni Austen in the Mara district and Western Kenya. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Twelfth Meeting, Banjul, 12–16 November 1968, pp. 213–218. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 102).Google Scholar
Langridge, W. P., Smith, J. A. and Wateridge, (1972) Some observation on the ecology of Glossina swynnertoni Austen in the Mara region of Kenya. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Twelfth Meeting, Banjul, 12–16 November 1968, pp. 203–211. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 102).Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. (1975) Détermination de l'âge des glossines ténérales (Glossina tachinoides Westwood). Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 13, 3–11.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. (1976a) Répartition des glossines dans le nord et l'est de la Haute-Volta. Les effects de la grande sécheresse de 1970 à 1983. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 14, 293–299.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. (1976b) Ecologie de Glossina tachinoides Westwood en savane humide d'Afrique de l'ouest. II. Lieux de repos nocturnes. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 14, 331–345.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. (1977a) Ecologie de Glossina tachinoides Westwood, 1850, en savane humide d'Afrique de l'ouest. III. Etat alimentaire d'une population. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 15, 331–337.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. (1977b) Ecologie de Glossina tachinoides Westwood, 1850, en savane humide d'Afrique de l'ouest. IV. Répartition des gîtes à pupes. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 15, 339–346.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. (1978a) Ecologie de Glossina tachinoides Westwood, 1850, en savane humide d'Afrique de l'ouest. Les pupes dans le sol. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 16, 33–42.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. (1978b) Ecologie de Glossina tachinoides Westwood, 1850, en savane humide d'Afrique de l'ouest. VI. Age de la glossine à son premier repas. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 16, 181–187.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. and Boreham, P. F. L. (1976) Ecologie de Glossina tachinoides Westwood, 1950, en savane humide d'Afrique de l'ouest. I. Préférences trophiques. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 14, 187–200.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. and Challier, A. (1976) Le foyer de trypanosomiase humaine de Bouaflé (Côte d'Ivoire): enquête entomologique et épidémiologique. Propositions pour une campagne insecticide. Documn tech. OCCGE. No. 6309 (unpublished).Google Scholar
Laveissière, C. and Challier, A. (1981) Le répartition des glossines en Côte d'Ivoire. Carte à 1/2 000 000. Notice Explicative No. 89, O.R.S.T.O.M., Paris.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C., and Couret, D. (1981) Lutte contre les glossines riveraines à l'aide de pièges biconiques imprégnés d'insecticide, en zone de savane humide. 5. Note de synthese. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér ent. méd. Parasit. 19, 49–54.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C., Couret, D. and Challier, A. (1979a) Description and design details of a biconical trap used in the control of tsetse flies along the banks of rivers and streams. WHO/VBC/79.746.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C., Gouteux, J.-P. and Couret, D. (1980) Essais de méthodes de lutte contre les glossines en zone préforestière de Côte d'Ivoire. 5. Note de synthèse. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 18, 323–328.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C., Kienou, J.-P., Ouedraogo, K. V. and Traore, T. (1978) Lieux de repos diurnes de Glossina tachinoides Westwood (savane guinéenne, saison chaude). Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 16, 63–71.Google Scholar
Laveissière, C., Kienou, J.-P. and Traore, T. (1979b) Ecologie de Glossina tachinoides Westwood, 1950, en savane humide d'Afrique de l'ouest. VII. Lieux de repos diurnes, variations saissonières. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 17, 181–191.Google Scholar
Livesey, J. L., Molyneux, D. H. and Jenni, L. (1980) Mechanoreceptor-trypanosome interactions in the labrum of Glossina: fluid mechanics. Acta trop. 37, 151–161.Google ScholarPubMed
Machado, A. de Barros (1970) Les races géographiques de Glossina morsitans. In Criaçào da Mosca Tsé-tsé em Laboratório e Sua Aplicação Prática. 1° Symposium Internacional 22 e 23 de Abril de 1969 (Tsetse Fly Breeding under Laboratory Conditions and Its Practical Application. 1st International Symposium 22nd and 23rd April, 1969) (Ed. by Azevedo, J. F.), pp. 471–486. Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Lisbon, Portugal.Google Scholar
MacLennan, K. J. R. and Cook, M. G. (1972) The resting behaviour of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst, in the Northern Guinea vegetation zone in relation to control using insecticides. Entomologist 105, 144–152.Google Scholar
Madubunyi, L. C. (1974) Morphometric indices of nutritional state in a natural population of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood. J. Anim. Ecol. 43, 469–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madubunyi, L. C. (1975) A technique for detecting abortions in wild populations of Glossina species. In Sterility Principle for Insect Control or Eradication. Proceedings of a Symposium on the Sterility Principle for Insect Control or Eradication Jointly Organized by the IAEA and FAO and Held in Innsbruck 22–26 July 1974, pp. 477–485. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (STI/PUB/377).Google Scholar
Madubunyi, L. C. (1978) Relative frequency of reproductive abnormalities in a natural population of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood. (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zambia. Bull. ent. Res. 68, 437–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maillard, J. C. (1974) Recherches sur des bacilles présumés pathogènes pour les glossines. Etudes sur Glossina tachinoides en République du Tchad. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 27, 67–73.Google Scholar
Maillot, L. (1970) Influence du froid sur les tsé-tsé et ses indications. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 23, 327–331.Google Scholar
Mapumba, K. L. and Fain, A. (1978) Notes sur les glossines de la région de Kakambare (Maniema, Zaire Oriental). Annls Soc. belge Méd. trop. 58, 205–207.Google Scholar
Martins, J. N. O. (1970) Reconhecimento glossinico de parte do Distriti de Tete. Veterinaria moçamb. 3, 31–39.Google Scholar
Maudlin, I. (1979) Chromosome polymorphism and sex determination in a wild population of tsetse. Nature, Lond. 277, 300–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mawuena, K. (1980) Glossina tachinoides au sud du Togo et distribution des glossines à Avetonou. Trypanotolérance Production Anim. 1, 1–8.Google Scholar
Mawuena, K. and Itard, J. (1981) Présence de Glossina tachinoides Westwood, 1850 (Diptera, Glossinidae) dans le sud du Togo. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 34, 47–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Minter, D. M. (1971) The nocturnal resting sites of G. pallidipes in Kenya. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 65, 228–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minter, D. M. and Goedbloed, E. (1970) Recovery of viable trypanosomatid flagellates from naturally infected tsetse flies and phlebotomine sandfiies, previously preserved whole in liquid nitrogen (preliminary note). Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 64, 789–790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minter, D. M. and Goedbloed, E. (1971) The preservation in liquid nitrogen of tsetse flies and phlebotomine sandflies naturally infected with trypanosomatid flagellates. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 65, 175–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minter, D. M. and Goedbloed, E. (1980) Field cryopreservation of parasites and vectors. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 74, 117.Google Scholar
Mohammed I., Ali and Allsopp, R. (1981) An investigation of electric traps for surveying tsetse (Glossina morsitans centralis) populations in Botswana. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé, 1979, pp. 398–406. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Moloo, S. K. (1972) Mermithid parasite of Glossina brevipalpis Newstead. Ann. trop. Metl. Parasit. 66, 159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moloo, S. K. (1973a) Relationship between hosts and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina swynnertoni Aust. in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 67, 205–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moloo, S. K. (1973b) A new trap for Glossina pallidipes Aus. and G. fuscipes Newst. (Diptera, Glossinidae). Bull ent. Res. 63, 231–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moloo, S. K., Kutuza, S. B. and Boreham, P. F. L. (1980) Studies on Glossina pallidipes. G. fuscipes fuscipes and G. brevipalpis in terms of the epidemiology and epizootiology of trypanosomiases in south-eastern Uganda. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 74, 219–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moloo, S. K., Steiger, R. F. and Brun, R. (1973a) Observations on the activity cycle of Glossina swynnertoni Aust. Acta trop. 30, 366–368.Google ScholarPubMed
Moloo, S. K., Steiger, R. F. and Brun, R. (1973b) Trypanosome infection rates in Glossina swynnertoni and G. pallidipes in Ikoma, Musoma district, Tanzania. Parasitology 66, 259–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moloo, S. K., Steiger, R. F., Brun, R. and Boreham, P. F. L. (1971) Sleeping sickness survey in Musoma District, Tanzania. II. The role of Glossina in the transmission of sleeping sickness. Acta trop. 28, 189–205.Google ScholarPubMed
Molyneux, D. H., Baldry, D. A. T. and Fairhurst, C. (1979a) Tsetse movement in wind fields: possible epidemiological and entomological implications for trypanosomiasis and its control. Acta trop. 36, 53–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Molyneux, D. H., Baldry, D. A. T., De Raadt, P., Lee, C. W. and Hamon, J. (1978) Helicopter application of insecticides for the control of riverine Glossina vectors of African human trypanosomiasis in the moist savannah zones. Annls Soc. belg Méd. trop. 58, 185–203.Google ScholarPubMed
Molyneux, D. H. and Jenni, L. (1981) Mechanoreceptors, feeding behaviour and trypanosome transmission in Glossina. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 75, 160–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molyneux, D. H., Lavin, D. R. and Elee, B. (1979b) A possible relationship between salivarian trypanosomes and Glossina labrum mechanoreceptors. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 73, 287–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulligan, H. W. (Ed.) (1970) The African Trypanosomiases. George Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Mumba, D. P. (1980) Summary of tsetse fly surveys in Central Province, August-December 1979. Report of the Department of Veterinary and Tsetse Control Services, Zambia.Google Scholar
Nash, T. A. M. (1933) The ecology of Glossina morsitans Westw. and two possible methods for its destruction. Bull. ent. Res. 24, 107–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, T. A. M. and Trewern, M. A. (1972) Hourly distribution of larviposition by Glossina austeni Newst. and G. morsitans morsitans Westw. (Dipt., Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res. 61, 693–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, T. A. M., Trewern, M. A. and Moloo, S. K. (1976) Observations on the free larval stage of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. (Diptera, Glossinidae): the possibility of a larval pheromone. Bull. ent. Res. 66, 17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neves, J. L. (1971) Posição actual das tripanosomiases e dos seus vectores em Moçambique. Anu. Esc. nac. Saúde publ. Med. trop. 5, 309–316.Google Scholar
Newberry, K. (1978) Seasonal variations in populations of Glossina morsitans centralis Machado (Diptera, Glossinidae) sampled at deflying pickets in Zambia. Zamb. J. Sci. Technol. 3, 35–41.Google Scholar
Nigeria, (1973) Glossina Distribution—T.T.D. Reclamation Schemes April 1970. Trypanosomiasis and Tsetse Division, Kaduna.Google Scholar
Nolan, R. A. (1977) Pathogens of Glossina (tsetse flies). In Pathogens of Medically Important Arthropods (Ed. by Roberts, D. W. and Strand, M. A.), pp. 265–270. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 55, Suppl.Google Scholar
OAU/STRC (1971) International symbols and colours for recording on maps the distribution of tsetse species and subspecies. Annex to publication No. 105, Report of 13th Meeting ISCTRC, Lagos, 1971.Google Scholar
OAU/STRC (1976) The distribution of tsetse flies (Glossina) in Africa 1973 (compiled by Ford J. and Katondo K. M.), 9 sheets.Google Scholar
Odindo, M. O., Sabwa, D. M. and Amutalla, P. A. (1981a) Preliminary tests on the transmission of virus-like particles to Glossina pallidipes Austen (Glossinidae, Diptera). ICIPE Eighth Annual Report—1980, pp. 108–109.Google Scholar
Odindo, M. O., Turner, D. A., Kokwaro, E. D., Amutalla, P. A., Otieno, W. A. and Sabwa, D. M. (1981b) Morphological variation and prevalence in the cuticular lesions on the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes (Glossinidae, Diptera). ICIPE Eighth Annual Report—1980, pp. 104–108.Google Scholar
Odindo, M. O., Turner, D. A., Otieno, W. A., Sabwa, D. M. and Amutalla, P. A. (1981c) Cuticular lesions: a non-infectious integumental disease on Glossina species. ICIPE Eighth Annual Report—1980, p. 109.Google Scholar
Okiwelu, S. N. (1976a) Resting sites of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera, Glossinidae) during the dry season in the Republic of Zambia. Bull. ent. Res. 66, 413–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okiwelu, S. N. (1976b) Seasonal variations in age-composition and survival of natural population of female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood at the Chakwenga game reserve, Republic of Zambia. Zamb. J. Sci. Technol. 1, 48–57.Google Scholar
Okiwelu, S. N. (1977a) Host preference and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood in the Republic of Zambia. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 71, 101–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okiwelu, S. N. (1977b) Observations on the resting sites of Glossina morsitans morsitans during the wet season in the Republic of Zambia. J. med. Ent. 13, 595–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okiwelu, S. N. (1977c) Insemination, pregnancy and suspected abortion rates in a natural population of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera:Glossinidae) in the Republic of Zambia. J. med. Ent. 14, 19–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okiwelu, S. N. (1977d) Monthly and seasonal variations in size of uterine contents of wild female Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera:Glossinidae) in the Republic of Zambia, Africa. J. med. Ent. 14, 152–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okiwelu, S. N. (1979) Observations on Glossina morsitans Westwood at a tsetse picket druing the rainy season in the Republic of Zambia. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 73, 73–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okiwelu, S. N., Van Wettere, P., Maiga, S., Bouare, S. and Crans, W. (1981) Contribution to the distribution of Glossina (Diptera:Glossinidae) in Mali. Bull. ent. Res. 71, 195–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okoth, J. O. (1975) A comparison of flyround, random catch, cow-herding and bush puparia digging as sampling methods of Glossina population at Lugala. E. Afr. J. med. Res. 2, 95–99.Google Scholar
Okoth, J. O. (1980a) Preliminary report on Glossina fuscipes Newst., Glossina pallidipes Aust. and Glossina brevipalpis Newst. breeding in seminatural (outdoor cage) conditions at Lugala, South Busoga District, Uganda. E. Afr. med. J. 57, 190–194.Google ScholarPubMed
Okoth, J. O. (1980b) Observations on the composition of Glossina population at Lugala, South Busoga, Uganda. E. Afr. med. J. 57, 332–335.Google ScholarPubMed
Okoth, J. O. (1981) Optimum light intensity required in the choice of breeding site by Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead and G. pallidipes Austen. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé 1979, pp. 364–368. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Onyiah, J. A. (1978) Fluctuations in numbers and eventual collapse of a Glossina palpali (R.-D.) population in Anara Forest Reserve of Nigeria. Acta trop. 35, 253–261.Google ScholarPubMed
Onyiah, J. A. (1980) Mechanism of host selection by tsetse flies. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 31–34.Google Scholar
Onyiah, J. A. (1981) A preliminary report on ecological studies of Glossina species in the derived savanna zone of Nigeria. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé 1979, pp. 357–363. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Onyiah, J. A. and Riordan, K. (1978) Field and laboratory observations on parasitization rates of Glossina puparia by Syntomosphyrum species in Nigeria. Acta trop. 35, 291–294.Google ScholarPubMed
Otieno, L. H., Kokwaro, E. D., Chimtawi, M. and Onyango, P. (1980) Prevalence of enlarged salivary glands in wild populations of Glossina pallidipes in Kenya, with a note on the ultrastructure of the affected organ. J. Invert. Path. 36, 113–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ovazza, M. and Rodhain, F. (1972) Note sur les tabanides et les glossines de la basse vallée de l'Omo (Ethiopie). Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 65, 166–169.Google Scholar
Owaga, M. L. A. (1980a) Relative efficiency of some mechanical traps used in the study of the tsetse species, Glossina pallidipes Austen. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 197–201.Google Scholar
Owaga, M. L. A. (1980b) Trypanosome infection rate in the tsetse species, Glossina pallidipes Austen, in a rural situation in Kenya. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 411–416.Google Scholar
Owaga, M. L. A. and Challier, A. (1981) Sampling techniques for Glossina pallidipes. ICIPE Eighth Annual Report—1980, pp. 55–57.Google Scholar
Pell, P. E. and Southern, D. I. (1975) Symbionts in the female tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans. Experientia 31, 650–651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penchenier, L. and Itard, J. (1981) Une nouvelle technique de dissection rapide des glandes salivaires et de l'intestin des glossines. Cah. O.R.S.T.O.M., Sér. ent. méd. Parasit. 19, 55–57.Google Scholar
Phelps, R. J. (1973) The effect of temperature on fat consumption during the puparial stages of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. (Dipt., Glossinidae) under laboratory conditions and its implication in the field. Bull. ent. Res. 62, 423–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, R. J. and Burrows, P. M. (1969a) Puparial duration in Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank under conditions of constant temperature. Entomologia exp. appl. 12, 33–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, R. J. and Burrows, P. M. (1969b) Prediction of the pupal duration of Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank under field conditions. J. appl. Ecol. 6, 323–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, R. J., Burrows, P. M. and Boyd-Clark, M. J. (1967) Pre-emergence sexing of G. morsitans orientalis Vand. Rhod. Zamb. Mal. J. agric. Res. 5, 267–271.Google Scholar
Phelps, R. J. and Chapman, N. G. (1980) The dispersion of active Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera:Glossinidae) near a large tree and an assessment of the capturing method used. Bull. ent. Res. 70, 455–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, R. J. and Clarke, G. P. Y. (1974) Seasonal elimination of some size classes in males of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. (Diptera, Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res. 64, 313–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, R. J. and Jackson, P. J. (1971) Factors influencing the moment of larviposition and eclosion in Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank (Diptera:Muscidae). J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 34, 145–157.Google Scholar
Phelps, R. J. and Vale, G. A. (1978) Studies on populations of Glossina morsitans morsitans and G. pallidipes (Diptera:Glossinidae) in Rhodesia. J. appl. Ent. 15, 743–760.Google Scholar
Pilson, R. D., Boyt, W. P. and Mackenzie, P. K. I. (1978) The relative attractiveness of cattle, sheep and goats to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera:Glossinidae) in the Zambesi Valley of Rhodesia. Bull. ent. Res. 68, 489–495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pilson, R. D. and Mackenzie, P. K. I. (1972) A preliminary report on the relative attractiveness of certain domestic and wild animals to tsetse flies. Rhod. Sci. Newsl. 6, 21–24.Google Scholar
Pinhao, R. C. and Gracio, A. J. S. (1973) The degree of spermathecal impregnation and the number of matings in Glossina austeni. Anu. Inst. Hig. Med. trop. 1, 103–106.Google ScholarPubMed
Pinnock, D. E. and Hess, R. T. (1974) The occurrence of intracellular rickettsia-like organisms in the tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans, G. fuscipes, G. brevipalpis and G. pallidipes. Acta trop. 31, 70–79.Google ScholarPubMed
Poinar, G. O., Mondet, B., Gouteux, J.-P. and Laveissière, C. (1981) Hexamermis glossinae sp. nov. (Nematoda:Mermithidae), a parasite of tsetse flies in West Africa. Can. J. Zool. 59, 858–861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, J. N. (1970) Sperm transfer by spermatophores in G. austeni Newstead. Nature, Lond. 225, 1063–1064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popham, E. J., (1972) Geographical factors indirectly controlling the distribution of tsetse flies in northern Nigeria. Bull. ent. Soc. Niger. 3, 147–150.Google Scholar
Popham, E. J., Parr, M. J. and Chowdhury, V. (1978) Specific differences in tsetse fly sounds and their behavioural significance. Experientia 34, 1152–1153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popham, E. J. and Vickers, H. (1979) Tsetse fly reactions to light and humidity gradients. Experientia 35, 194–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potts, W. H. (1953–1954) Distribution of Tsetse Species in Africa, Compiled from Information Collated by W. H. Potts. Directorate of Colonial Surveys, London.Google Scholar
Rafael, A. A. G. (1973) O avanço da Glossina morsitans a sul do Rio Save e medidas para o seu controlo. Anais Servs Vet. 17/19, 427–439.Google Scholar
Randolph, S. E. and Rogers, D. J. (1978) Feeding cycles and flight activity of field population of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res. 68, 655–671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randolph, S. E. and Rogers, D. J. (1981) Physiological correlates of the availability of Glossina morsitans centralis Machado to different sampling methods. Ecol. Ent. 6, 63–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinouts van Haga, H. A. and Mitchell, B. K. (1975) Temperature receptors on tarsi of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans West. Nature, Lond. 255, 225–226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riordan, K. (1970) Development of G. palpalis R.-D. inside the puparium. Entomologist, 171–181.Google Scholar
Riordan, K. (1976) Rate of linear advance by Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst. (Diptera, Glossinidae) on a trade route in south-western Nigeria. Bull. ent. Res. 66, 365–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riordan, K. (1977) The true sex ratio in Glossina palpalis R.-D. In International Scientific Council for Tripanosomiasis Research, fourteenth Meeting, Dakar. 15–17 April 1975, pp. 308–312. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 109).Google Scholar
Roberts, M. J. and Pell, P. E. (1976) Microorganisms in the midgut of tsetse fly larvae. Microbios 17, 213–220.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogers, A. (1973a) Multiple mating by male Glossina pallidipes in the laboratory. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 298–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, A. (1973b) Microorganisms in spermathecae of wild Glossina pallidipes. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 298–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, A. (1973c) A method for gauging the frequency of multiple mating of female Glossina pallidipes in the field. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 299.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogers, A. (1973d) Duration of mating in Glossina pallidipes. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 441–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, D. J. (1974) Natural regulation and movement of tsetse fly populations. In Les Moyens de Lutte contre les Trypanosomes et Leurs Vecteurs (Control Programs for Trypanosomes and Their Vectors). Actes du Colloque, Paris 12–15 Mars 1974. Office International des Epizooties. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. Suppl., 35–38.Google Scholar
Rogers, D. J. (1977) Study of a natural population of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead and a model of movement. J. Anim. Ecol. 46, 309–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, D. J. (1979) Tsetse population dynamics and distribution: a new analytical approach. J. Anim. Ecol. 48, 825–849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, D. J. (1980) Dynamics and behaviour of tsetse populations. In Isotope and Radiation Research on Animal Diseases and Their Vectors. Proceedings of Symposium on Isotope and Radiation Research on Animal Diseases and Their Vectors Jointly Organized by the IAEA and FAO and Held in Vienna 7–11 May 1979, pp. 359–367. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (STI/PUB/525).Google Scholar
Rogers, D. J. and Boreham, P. F. L. (1973) Sleeping sickness survey in the Serengeti area, Tanzania, in 1971. The vector role of Glossina swynnertoni Austen. Acta trop. 30, 24–35.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogers, D. J. and Randolph, S. E. (1978a) A comparison of electric-trap and hand-net catches of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and G. tachinoides Westwood (Diptera:Glossinidae) in the Sudan vegetation zone of northern Nigeria. Bull. ent. Res. 68, 283–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, D. J. and Randolph, S. E. (1978b) Metabolic strategies of male and female tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the field. Bull. ent. Res. 68, 639–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, D. J. and Smith, D. T. (1977) A new electric trap for tsetse flies. Bull. ent. Res. 67, 153–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowcliffe, C. and Finlayson, L. H. (1981) Factors influencing the selection of larviposition sites in the laboratory by Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera:Glossinidae). Bull. ent. Res. 71, 81–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudrauf, J. M. (1977) Comportement acoustico-sexuel d'une glossine. Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead (1910). Ann. Zool. Ecol. anim. 9, 389–406.Google Scholar
Rundfelt, H. (1980) Considérations relatives à l'amélioration de la lutte génétique contre la mouche tsé-tsé par l'utilisation des techniques de modélisation. In Evaluation des Projets de Lutte Contre les Glossines et les Trypanosomes. Actes du Colloque, Korhogo, Côte d'Ivoire, 6–9 Novembre 1979, pp. 187–188. GTZ, Eschborn; IEMVT, Maisons-Alfort.Google Scholar
Ryan, L. (1981) Glossina (Diptera:Glossinidae) population growth rate. Bull. ent. Res. 71, 519–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, L. and Molyneux, D. H. (1980a) Construction details of the Challier-Lavessière biconical trap. In Isotope and Radiation Research on Animal Diseases and Their Vectors. Proceedings of a Symposium on Isotope and Radiation Research on Animal Diseases and Their Vectors Jointly Organized by the IAEA and FAO and Held in Vienna 7–11 May 1979, pp. 339–353. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (STI/PUB/525).Google Scholar
Ryan, L. and Molyneux, D. H. (1980b) Non-setting adhesives for insect traps. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 349–355.Google Scholar
Ryan, L., Molyneux, D. H., Harrison, N. and Hilier, M. (1981a) An automatic tsetse (Diptera:Glossinidae) trap. Trop. Pest Mgmt 27, 111–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, L., Molyneux, D. H. and Kuzoe, F. A. S. (1980) Differences in rate of wing fray between Glossina species. Tropenmed. Parasit. 31, 111–116.Google ScholarPubMed
Ryan, L., Molyneux, D. H., Kuzoe, F. A. S., and Baldry, D. A. T. (1981b) Traps to control and estimate populations of Glossina species. Tropenmed. Parasit. 32, 145–148.Google ScholarPubMed
Saini, R. K. (1980a) The pattern of sound production by the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, 1850 (Diptera, Glossinidae). Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 167–169.Google Scholar
Saini, R. K. (1980b) Effects of age and hunger on the pattern of sound production in the tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, 1850 (Diptera, Glossinidae). Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 393–397.Google Scholar
Saini, R. K. (1981) Communication by sound in tsetse? SPAN 24, 98–99.Google Scholar
Saunders, D. S. (1960) The ovulation cycle in Glossina morsitans Westwood (Diptera:Muscidae) and a possible method of age determination for female tsetse flies by the examination of their ovaries. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 112, 221–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, D. S. (1964) The effect of site and sampling method on the size and composition of catches of tsetse flies, Glossina and Tabanidae. Bull. ent. Res. 55, 483–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, D. S. (1967) Survival and reproduction in a natural population of the tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy). Proc. R. ent. Soc. hond. (A) 42, 129–137.Google Scholar
Saunders, D. S. and Phelps, R. S. (1970) Reproduction of Glossina:breeding sites. In The African Trypanosomiases (Ed. by Mulligan, H. W.). George Allen & Unwin, London.Google Scholar
Schlein, Y. (1979) Age grading of tsetse flies by the cuticular growth layers in the thoracic phragma. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 73, 297–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlein, Y., Galun, R. and Ben-Eliahu, M. N. (1981a) Abstinon male-produced deterrents of mating in flies. J. chem. Ecol. 7, 285–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlein, Y., Galun, R. and Ben-Eliahu, M. N. (1981b) Receptors of sex pheromones and abstinons in Musca domestica and Glossina morsitans. J. chem. Ecol. 7, 291–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlein, J. and Gratz, N. G. (1972) Age determination of some flies and mosquitoes by daily growth layers of skeletal apodemes. Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 47, 71–76.Google ScholarPubMed
Scholz, E., Spielberger, U. and Ali, J. (1976) The night resting sites of tsetse fly Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera, Glossinidae) in northern Nigeria. Bull. ent. Res. 66, 443–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sesay, H. R. (1981) Geographical distribution of Glossina in Sierra Leone. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé, 1979, pp. 349–354. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Sivers, P. von (1973) Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung von Glossina tachinoides Westw. und G. morsitans sub-morsitans New. in der Republik Niger. Z. angew. Ent. 3, 319–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, W. F. (1979) The malaise trap as a method for sampling Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead: a preliminary note. In International Scientific Council for Try-panosomiasis Research. Fifteenth Meeting, Banjul, 1977, pp. 329–353. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 110).Google Scholar
Snow, W. F. (1980a) Tsetse ecology on the Kenya coast. In ICIPE Seventh Annual Report—1979, pp. 107–108.Google Scholar
Snow, W. F. (1980b) Host location and feeding patterns in tsetse. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 23–30.Google Scholar
Snow, W. F. (1981a) Tsetse ecology on the Kenya Coast. In ICIPE Eighth Annual Report—1980, pp. 53–55.Google Scholar
Snow, W. F. (1981b) Tsetse ecology and epidemiology of trypanosomiasis in The Gambia and on the south Kenya Coast: a comparison. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé, 1979, pp. 369–381. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Snow, W. F. and Boreham, P. F. L. (1979) The feeding habits and ecology of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Newstead in relation to nagana transmission in The Gambia. Acta trop. 36, 47–51.Google ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, U. and Barwinek, F. (1978) The night resting sites of Glossina tachinoides Westwood (Diptera, Glossinidae) in northern Nigeria. Bull. ent. Res. 68, 137–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swynnerton, C. F. M. (1933) Some traps for tsetse flies. Bull. ent. Res. 24, 69 –102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swynnerton, C. F. M. (1936) The tsetse flies of East Africa—a first study of their ecology, with a view to their control. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 84, 1–579.Google Scholar
Tarimo, C. S., Lee, C. W., Parker, J. D. and Matechi, H. T. (1970) Aircraft applications of insecticides in East Africa. XIX. A comparison of two sampling techniques for assessing the effectiveness of pyrethrum applications on Glossina pallidipes Austen. Bull. ent. Res. 60, 221–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, P. (1976) Blood-meal size of tsetse flies (Diptera:Glossinidae) under field conditions. Proc. Trans. Rhod. sclent. Ass. 57, 29–34.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. (1978) Radioisotopes as metabolic labels for Glossina (Diptera:Glossinidae). II. The excretion of 137Cs under field conditions as a means of estimating energy utilisation, activity and temperature regulation. Bull. ent. Res. 68, 331–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, P. (1979) The construction of a life-table for Glossina morsitans Westwood (Diptera:Glossinidae) from seasonal age-measurements of a wild population. Bull. ent. Res. 69, 553–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taze, Y., Cuisance, D., Clair, M. and Politzar, H. (1978) Contribution à l'étude de la répartition des glossines dans le nord de la Côte d'Ivoire. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 31, 329–340.Google Scholar
Terrible, M. (1981) Influence de l'eau permanente et de la végétation ligneuse sur les écoclimats. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Sixteenth Meeting, Yaoundé, 1979, pp. 407–414. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 111).Google Scholar
Tibayrenc, R. (1974) Enquête sur les glossines des plateaux Dokouma, Mounana et Yeye, République du Gabon. IEMVT report.Google Scholar
Tibayrenc, R., Itard, J. and Cuisance, D. (1971) Marquage des glossines par des poudres fluorescentes. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 24, 277–286.Google Scholar
Toure, S. M. (1971) Les glossines (Diptera, Glossinidae) du Sénégal: écologie, répartition géographique et incidence sur les trypanosomes. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 24, 551–563.Google Scholar
Toure, S. M. (1974) Note sur quelques particularités dans l'habitat de Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank, 1949 (Diptera, Glossinidae) observées au Senégal. Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop. 27, 81–94.Google Scholar
Toure, S. M., Gueye, A., Kebe, B. and Mane, A. (1979a) Glossines et trypanosomiases animales en Casamance (1974–1976). In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Fifteenth Meeting, Banjul, 1977, pp. 107–115. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific and Technical Research Commission (publication No. 110).Google Scholar
Toure, S. M., Seye, M., Kebe, B., Bouffet, P. and Mane, A. (1979b) Rapport sur l'avancement des recherches sur les glossines et les trypanosomiases au Sénégal. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research. Fifteenth Meeting, Banjul, 1977, pp. 99–101. Organisation of African Unity/Scientific, Technical and Research Commission (publication No. 110).Google Scholar
Turner, D. A. (1971) Olfactory perception of live hosts and carbon dioxide by the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank. Bull. ent. Res. 61, 75–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, D. A. (1972) Laboratory investigations of host-seeking behaviour in tsetse flies. Rhod. Sci. Newsl. 6, 25–27.Google Scholar
Turner, D. A. (1980a) A novel marking/release/recapture method for possible use in determining aspects of tsetse fly behaviour. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 1–7.Google Scholar
Turner, D. A. (1980b) Tsetse ecological studies in Niger and Mozambique—I. Population sampling. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 9–13.Google Scholar
Turner, D. A. (1980c) Tsetse ecological studies in Niger and Mozambique—II. Resting behaviour. Insect Sci. Applic. 1, 15–21.Google Scholar
Weitz, B. (1964) Feeding habits of tsetse flies. Endeavour 23, 38–42.Google Scholar
Wijers, D. J. B. (1958) Factors that may influence in the infection rate of Glossina palpalis with Trypanosoma gambiense. I. The age of the fly at the time of the infected feed. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 52, 385–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willett, K. C. (1966) Development of the peritrophic membrane in Glossina (tsetse flies) and its relation to infection with trypanosomes. Expl Parasit. 18, 290–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woof, W. R. (1973a) The biting flies of Uganda. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woof, W. R. (1973b) Biting fly population sampling technique. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 442–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yagi, A. I. and Abdel Razig, M. T. (1972) Distribution of tsetse flies in Southern Darfur District, Sudan. Bull, epizoot. Dis. Afr. 20, 287–290.Google ScholarPubMed
Zambia, (1972) Zambia Tsetse Distribution Map. Government Printers, Lusaka, Zambia.Google Scholar