Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:53:29.674Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ecological variation and resistance levels to propoxur and chlorpyrifos in Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae), a malaria mosquito from India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2016

TPN Hariprasad  and
Nadikere Jaya Shetty
TPN Hariprasad
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Genetics, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore University, Bangalore560 056, India
Nadikere Jaya Shetty*
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Genetics, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore University, Bangalore560 056, India
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

A total of 39 strains of Anopheles stephensi, an important urban malaria vector, were collected from various parts of India and maintained in the insectary for this study. Based on the egg-float ridge number, 19 strains were classified into ecological variants and 32 strains were exposed to chlorpyrifos and propoxur to investigate their resistance status. Filter paper containing freshly laid eggs was taken, the ridge numbers on the floats were counted under the microscope, and strains were classified into ecological variants. Of the 19 strains, 18 were of ‘type form’, with ridge numbers ranging from 15 to 21. The Papareddipalya (PRP) strain belonged to the ‘intermediate form’, with 14 to 17 ridge numbers. Larval bioassays were carried out according to the procedure of the WHO. For chlorpyrifos, the lowest LC50 value was 0.00107 mg/l (Padmanabhanagar strain) and the highest value was 0.0403 mg/l (GOA-A strain). Furthermore, the lowest LC90 value was 0.00368 mg/l (Delhi strain) and the highest was 0.1746 mg/l (GOA-A strain). For propoxur, the lowest LC50 value was 0.00029 mg/l (Goraguntepalya strain) and the highest value was 0.0037 mg/l (JP Nagar strain). Moreover, the lowest LC90 value was 0.00094 mg/l (Goraguntepalya strain) and the highest value was 0.0115 mg/l (JP Nagar strain). The tolerance values ranged from 1.26 to 37.68 for chlorpyrifos and from 1.34 to 12.77 for propoxur. All the type forms were from urban and semi-urban locations, and the intermediate strain was from a semi-urban location. The bioassay results indicated that the strains of An. stephensi were more susceptible to propoxur than to chlorpyrifos.

Keywords

Anopheles stephensichlorpyrifosegg-float ridge numberlarval bioassaytype formintermediate formpropoxur
Type
Research Papers
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 36 , Issue 1 , March 2016 , pp. 48 - 59
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, W. S. (1925) A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 18, 265–266.Google Scholar
Akiner, M. M. (2014) Malathion and propoxur resistance in Turkish populations of the Anopheles maculipennis Meigen (Diptera: Culicidae) and relation to the insensitive acetylcholinesterase. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi 38, 111–115.Google Scholar
Boike, A. H. Jr, Rathburn, C. B. Jr, Floore, T. G., Rodriguez, H. M. and Coughlin, J. S. (1989) Insecticide tolerance of Culex nigripalpus in Florida. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 5, 522–528.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, A. W. A. and Pal, R. (1971) Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods, 2nd edn. WHO Monograph Series Vol. 38 . World Health Organization, Geneva. 491 pp.Google Scholar
Chandrakala, B. N. and Shetty, N. J. (2006) Genetic studies of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide resistance in Anopheles stephensi Liston, A malaria mosquito. Journal of Cytology and Genetics 7, 155–160.Google Scholar
Chang, K. S., Yoo, D. H., Shin, E. H., Lee, W. G., Roh, J. Y. and Park, M. Y. (2013) Susceptibility and resistance of field populations of Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) collected from Paju to 13 insecticides. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 4, 76–80.Google Scholar
Dev, V. and Sharma, V. P. (2013) The dominant mosquito vectors of human malaria in India. In Anopheles mosquitoes – New insights into malaria vectors (edited by Manguin, S.). InTech. ( http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/43975.pdf ).Google Scholar
Dhingra, N., Jha, P., Sharma, V. P., Cohen, A. A., Jotkar, R. M., Rodriguez, P. S., Bassani, D. G., Suraweera, W., Laxminarayan, R. and Peto, R. (2010) Adult and child malaria mortality in India: a nationally representative mortality survey. Lancet 376, 1768–1774.Google Scholar
Finney, D. J. (1971) Probit Analysis, 3rd edn . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 333 pp.Google Scholar
Ghosh, C., Rajasree, B. H., Priyalakshmi, B. L. and Shetty, N. J. (2002) Susceptibility status of different strains of Anopheles stephensi Liston to fenitrothion, deltamethrin and cypermethrin. Pestology 4, 47–52.Google Scholar
Hanafi-Bojd, A. A., Vatandoost, H. and Jafari, R. (2006) Susceptibility status of Anopheles dthali and An. fluviatilis to commonly used larvicides in an endemic focus of malaria, southern Iran. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 43, 34–38.Google Scholar
Harbach, R. E. (2007) The Culicidae (Diptera): a review of taxonomy, classification and phylogeny. Zootaxa 1668, 591–638.Google Scholar
Hartley, D. and Kidd, H. (1983) The Agrochemicals Handbook. Royal Society of Chemistry, Nottingham, England. 1100 pp.Google Scholar
Hemingway, J. (1981) Genetics and biochemistry of insecticide resistance in anophelines. PhD Thesis, University of London. 310 pp..Google Scholar
Hudson, J. E. (1983) Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus to insecticide in Paramaribo, Suriname, 1979–1981, and experimental selection for resistance. Cahiers ORSTOM/serie entomologie medicale et parasitologie 21, 275–279.Google Scholar
Kasap, H., Kasap, M., Alptekin, D., Luleyap, U. and Herath, P. R. (2000) Insecticide resistance in Anopheles sacharovi Favre in southern Turkey. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78, 687–692.Google Scholar
Kashyap, R. and Shetty, N. J. (2011) Insecticide susceptibility studies of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) to synthetic pyrethroids cypermethrin and bifenthrin. Pestology 35, 53–57.Google Scholar
Manouchehri, A. V. and Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M. R. (1988) Propoxur susceptibility test of Anopheles stephensi in southern Islamic Republic of Iran (1976–86). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 4, 159–162.Google ScholarPubMed
McEwen, F. L. and Stephenson, G. R. (1979) The Use and Significance of Pesticides in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. 538 pp.Google Scholar
Mehravaran, A., Vatandoost, H., Oshaghi, M. A., Abai, M. R., Edalat, H., Javadian, E., Mashayekhi, M., Piazak, N. and Hanafi-Bojd, A. A. (2012) Ecology of Anopheles stephensi in a malarious area, southeast of Iran. Acta Medica Iranica 50, 61–65.Google Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, A. K., Karmakar, P., Hati, A. K. and Dey, P. (1997) Recent epidemiological status of malaria in Calcutta Municipal Corporation area, West Bengal. Indian Journal of Malariology 34, 188–196.Google Scholar
Nagpal, B. N. and Sharma, V. P. (1995) Indian Anophelines. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. 416 pp.Google Scholar
Nagpal, B. N., Srivastava, A., Kalra, N. L. and Subbarao, S. K. (2003) Spiracular indices in Anopheles stephensi: a taxonomic tool to identify ecological variants. Journal of Medical Entomology 40, 747–749.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1986) Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management. Academy Press, Washington, DC. 471 pp.Google Scholar
N'Guessan, R., Boko, P., Odjo, A., Chabi, J., Akogbeto, M. and Rowland, M. (2010) Control of pyrethroid and DDT-resistant Anopheles gambiae by application of indoor residual spraying or mosquito nets treated with a long-lasting organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos-methyl. Malaria Journal 9, 44.Google Scholar
Olayemi, I. K., Ande, A. T., Chita, S., Ibemesi, G., Ayanwale, V. A. and Odeyemi, O. M. (2011) Insecticide susceptibility profile of the principal malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae), in North-Central Nigeria. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 48, 109–112.Google ScholarPubMed
Puri, I. M. (1949) Anophelines of the oriental region, pp. 483–505. In Malariology (edited by Boyd, M. F.). Saunders, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Raghavendra, K., Verma, V., Srivastava, H. C., Gunasekaran, K., Sreehari, U. and Dash, A. P. (2010) Persistence of DDT, malathion and deltamethrin resistance in Anopheles culicifacies after their sequential withdrawal from indoor residual spraying in Surat district, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 132, 260–264.Google Scholar
Rao, B. A., Sweet, W. C. and Subba Rao, A. M. (1938) Ova measurements of A. stephensi type and A. stephensi var. mysorensis . Journal of the Malaria Institute of India 1, 261–266.Google Scholar
Rao, T. R. (1981) The Anophelines of India. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. 518 pp.Google Scholar
Rao, T. R. (1984) The Anophelines of India (revised edition) . Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), New Delhi. 518 pp.Google Scholar
Rutledge, L. C., Ward, R. A. and Bickley, W. E. (1970) Experimental hybridization of geographic strains of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63, 1024–1030.Google Scholar
Sanil, D. and Shetty, N. J. (2010) Genetic study of propoxur resistance – A carbamate insecticide in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles stephensi Liston. Malaria Research and Treatment 2010, Article ID 502824, doi:10.4061/2010/502824 Google Scholar
Shetty, N. J., Zin, T., Hariprasad, T. P. N. and Minn, M. Z. (2006) Insecticide susceptibility studies in thirty strains of An. stephensi Liston, a malaria vector to alphamethrin, bifenthrin (synthetic pyrethroids) and neem (a botanical insecticide). Pestology 30, 21–28.Google Scholar
Shetty, N. J., Vasanth, S. N. and Sanil, D. (2007) Insecticide susceptibility studies of fenthion and temephos in thirty strains of An. stephensi Liston, a malaria mosquito. Pestology 31, 33–39.Google Scholar
Shetty, N. J. (1983) Chromosomal translocations and inherited semisterility in the malaria vector, An. fluviatilis James. Indian Journal of Malariology 20, 45–47.Google Scholar
Shetty, N. J. (2002 a) The genetic control of Anopheles stephensi – a malaria mosquito, pp. 44–79. In Trends in Malaria and Vaccine Research: The Current Indian Scenario (edited by Raghunath, D. and Nayak, R.). Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.Google Scholar
Shetty, N. J. (2002 b) Evaluation of the insecticide susceptibility studies of mosquitoes of river Cauvery Basin, Karnataka State. Entomon 27, 375–383.Google Scholar
Shetty, N. J., Minn, M. Z., Zin, T. and Juanita, S. R. (2010) Insecticides susceptibility studies of mosquito larvae from Mandya District, Karnataka State. The Journal of Communicable Diseases 42, 71–73.Google Scholar
Shetty, N. J., Madhyastha, A. D., Ghosh, C. and Rajashree, B. H. (1999) Egg float ridge number in Anopheles stephensi: ecological variation. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 23, 45–48.Google Scholar
Shetty, V., Sanil, D. and Shetty, N. J. (2012) Insecticide susceptibility status in three medically important species of mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, from Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Karnataka, India. Pest Management Science 69, 257–267.Google Scholar
Shetty, N. J., Hariprasad, T. P. N., Sanil, D. and Zin, T. (2013) Chromosomal inversions among insecticide-resistant strains of Anopheles stephensi Liston, a malaria mosquito. Parasitology Research 112, 3851–3857.Google Scholar
Sorokin, M. N., Adamishina, T. A., Stepnov, A. P., Ivanova, V. L. and Ermishev Iu, V. (1991) The seasonal changes in the resistance and irritability to insecticides in the malarial mosquitoes in Karakalpakia. Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni 4, 9–12.Google Scholar
Subbarao, S. K., Vasantha, K., Adak, T., Sharma, V. P. and Curtis, C. F. (1987) Egg-float ridge number in Anopheles stephensi: ecological variation and genetic analysis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 1, 265–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sweet, W. C. and Rao, B. A. (1937) Races of An. stephensi Liston, 1901. Indian Medical Gazette 72, 665–674.Google Scholar
Tikar, S. N., Mendki, M. J., Sharma, A. K., Sukumaran, D., Vee, V., Prakash, S. and Parashar, B. D. (2011) Resistance status of the malaria vector mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles subpictus towards adulticides and larvicides in arid and semi-arid areas of India. Journal of Insect Science 11, 85.Google Scholar
Tiwari, S., Ghosh, S. K., Ojha, V. P., Dash, A. P. and Raghavendra, K. (2010) Reduced susceptibility to selected synthetic pyrethroids in urban malaria vector Anopheles stephensi: a case study in Mangalore city, South India. Malaria Journal 9, 179. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vatandosst, H. and Borhani, N. (2004) Susceptibility and irritability levels of main malaria vectors to synthetic pyrethroids in the endemic areas of Iran. Acta Medica Iranica 42, 240–247.Google Scholar
WHO [World Health Organization] (2014) Fact sheet no. 94. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/ .Google Scholar
WHO [World Health Organization] (2005) Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. WHO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2005.13. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland..Google Scholar
WHO [World Health Organization] (1981) Instruction for determining susceptibility or resistance of mosquito larvae to insecticides. WHO/VBC 81, 807. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland..Google Scholar
WHO [World Health Organization] (2009) Progress and prospects for the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to inhibit disease transmission. Report on planning meeting 1. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. ( http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/gmm-report.pdf ).Google Scholar
Yaghoobi-Ershadi, M. R., Namazi, J. and Piazak, N. (2001) Bionomics of Anopheles sacharovi in Ardebil province, northwestern Iran during a larval control program. Acta Tropica 78, 207–215.Google Scholar
Zahirnia, A. H., Vatandoost, H., Nateghpour, M. and Djavadian, E. (2002) Insecticide resistance/susceptibility monitoring in Anopheles pulcherrimus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ghasreghand District, Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health 31, 11–14.Google Scholar