Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T10:38:03.441Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Biological control of graminaceous stem-borers and legume pod-borers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

W. R. Ingram
W. R. Ingram
Affiliation:
Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Kenya Station, P.O. Box 30148, Nairobi, Kenya
Get access

Abstract

Graminaceous crops are attacked by lepidopterous stem-borers all over the world causing severe crop loss. Chemical control of stem-borers is difficult and biological control is preferable for peasant farming systems. The most important genera are Diatraea, Chilo, Eldana, Sesamia and Busseola. Their natural enemies include egg, larval and pupal parasites and predators. The parasites are cued by different stimuli, some to host plant, others to borer tunnels or frass. Biocontrol was first attempted against Diatraea spp. in the New World where D. saccharalis is now under fair control in several countries. In the Old World attempts have been made to control C. sacchariphagus and E. saccharina without much success. In East Africa releases of exotic parasites against B. fusca, S. calamistis, C. partellus and E. saccharina have not been very successful and further work is suggested. Leguminous crops suffer from attacks of lepidopterous pod-borers. The most damaging species are Etiella zinckenelia, Maruca testulalis, Cydia spp. and Lampides hoeticus. There are relatively few records of important parasites and fewer still of predators, however, large parts of the world are still unsurveyed for natural enemies. Successful control using introduced parasites has been reported from Canada against C. nigricana and Mauritius against E. zinckenelia and M. testulalis. There appears to be scope for introductions of Caribbean parasites into Africa.

Keywords

Graminaceous stem-borersDiatraeaChiloEldanaSesamiaBusseolaleguminous pod-borersEtiellaMarucaCydiabiological controlsurveys for natural enemiesparasite introductions
Type
Research Articles
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 4 , Special Issue 1-2: Crop-Borers and Emerging Strategies for their Control , June 1983 , pp. 205 - 209
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alam, M. M. (1980) Biological and ecological factors affecting populations of the sugarcane moth borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Lep: Pyralidae) in Barbados, W. I. Entomophaga 25, 401–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alam, M. M., Bennett, F. D. and Carl, K. P. (1971) Biological control of Diatraea saccharalis (F.) in Barbados by Apanteles fiavipes Cam. and Lixophaga diatraeae T. T. Entomophaga 16, 151–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alam, M. M., Beg, M. N. and Ghani, M. A. (1972) Introduction of Apanteles spp. against graminaceous borers into Pakistan. Tech. Bull. Commonw. Inst. biol. Control 15, 1–10.Google Scholar
Atkinson, P. R. (1980) On the biology, distribution and natural host-plants of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 43, 171–194.Google Scholar
Bartlett, K. (1939) Parasites of the bean pod-borer. Rep. P. Rico. Fed. Agric. Expt. Stn. 1938, 108.Google Scholar
Beg, M. N. and Bennett, F. D. (1974) Natural immunity of Diatraea centrella to Paratheresia claripalpis and Metayonistylum minense. Proc. int. Soc. Sug. Cane Technol. 16 Cong. Durban, 411–422.Google Scholar
Bennett, F. D. (1960) Parasites of Ancylostoma stercorea (Zell.) (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera) a pod-borer attacking pigeon pea in Trinidad. Bull. ent. Res. 50, 737–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, F. D. (1965) Tests with parasites of Asian graminaceous borers on Diatraea and allied genera in Trinidad. Tech. Bull. Commonw. Inst. biol. Control. 5, 101–116.Google Scholar
Bennett, F. D. (1971) Current status of biological control of the small moth-borers of sugar-cane Diatraea spp. (Lep. Pyralidae). Entomophaga 16, 111–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, E. (1938) A study of the natural control of the pea moth, Cydia nigricana Steph. Bull. ent. Res. 29, 277–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnegie, A. J. M. and Smaill, R. J. (1980) The incidence of moth-borers in South African sugarcane during the 1979/80 season. Proc. S. Afr. Sug. Technol. Ass. 54, 154–157.Google Scholar
CIBC (1982) Report of work carried out April 1981-March 1982.Google Scholar
Clausen, C. P. (ed.) (1978) Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook. No. 480, 545 pp.Google Scholar
Coaker, T. H. (1956) An experiment on stem-borer control on maize. E. Afr. agric. J. 21, 220–221.Google Scholar
Cochereau, P. (1980) The sugar-cane African borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lep., Pyralidae, Gelechiinae): studies on populations and parasites. ISSCT Entomology Newsletter 8, 6–7.Google Scholar
COPR (1981) Pest Control in Tropical Grain Legumes. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London, 206 pp. Girling, D. J. (1972a) Eldana saccharina Wlk. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a pest of sugar-cane in East Africa. Proc. int. Soc. Sug. Cane Technol. 14 Cong., Louisiana, pp. 429–434.Google Scholar
Girling, D. J. (1972b) Report on Investigations on Graminaceous Stem-Borers in East Africa (November 1969-March 1972). CIBC Report, 22 pp.Google Scholar
Girling, D. J. (1978) The distribution and biology of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its relationship to other stem-borers in Uganda. Bull. ent. Res. 68, 471–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girling, D. J. (1980) Eldana saccharin as a crop pest in Ghana. Tropical Pest Management 26, 152–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greathead, D. J. (1971) A review of biological control in the Ethiopian region. Tech. Commun. Commonw. Inst. biol. Control No. 5, 162 pp.Google Scholar
Greathead, D. J. and Gurling, D. J. (1981) Possibilities for natural enemies in Heliothis management and contribution of Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control In Proc. International Workshop on Heliothis Management Hyderabad, India. In press.Google Scholar
Ingram, W. R. (1958) The lepidopterous stalk-borers associated with Gramineae in Uganda. Bull. ent. Res. 49, 367–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingram, W. R. (1960) Experiments on the control of stalkborer on sorghum in Uganda. E. Afr. agric. J. 25, 184–187.Google Scholar
Jepson, W. F. (1954) A Critical Review of the World Literature on the Lepidopterous Stalk-Borers of Tropical Graminaceous Crops. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London, 127 pp.Google Scholar
Kogan, M. and Herzog, D. C. (eds.) (1980) Sampling Methods in Soybean Entomology. Springer-Verlag, New York xv + 587 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, N. G., Thontadarya, T. S. and Kulkarni, K. A. (1980) Some natural enemies of the pod-borer, Cydia ptychora Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Current Research 9, 146–147.Google Scholar
Leonard, M. D. and Mills, A. S. (1931) A preliminary report on the lima bean pod-borer and other legume podborers in Porto Rico. J. econ. Ent. 24, 466–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCleod, J. H. (1954) Statuses of some introduced parasites and their hosts in British Columbia. Proc. ent. Soc. Br. Columb. 50, 19–27.Google Scholar
Mohyuddin, A. I. (1970) Note on the distribution and biology of Pediobius furvus (Gah.) (Hym., Eulophidae), a parasite of graminaceous stem-borers. Bull. ent. Res. 59, 681–689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohyuddin, A. I. (1971) Comparative biology and ecology of Apanteles fiavipes (Cam.) and A. sesamiae Cam. as parasites of graminaceous borers. Bull. ent. Res. 61, 33–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohyuddin, A. I. (1972) Distribution, biology and ecology of Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr. (Hym. Ichneumonidae) a pupal parasite of graminaceous stem-borers (Lep., Pyralidae). Bull. ent. Res. 62, 161–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohyuddin, A. I. and Greathead, D. J. (1970) An annotated list of the parasites of graminaceous stem-borers in East Africa, with a discussion of their potential in biological control. Entomophaga 15, 241–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohyuddin, A. I., Inayatullah, C. and King, E. G. (1981) Host selection and strain occurrence in Apanteles fiavipes (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its bearing on biological control of graminaceous stemborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bull. ent. Res. 59, 575–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oatman, E. R. (1967) An ecological study of the lima-bean pod-borer, Etiella zinckenella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) in Southern California. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 60, 552–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plank, H. K. (1951) Establishment of introduced beneficial insects. Rep. Fed. Expt. Stn. Puerto Rico, 1951, pp. 15–19.Google Scholar
Popova, V. (1957) Morphological and biological research on the development of Etiella zinckenella Tr. and its control. Selsk. Mis. 9, 29–48.Google Scholar
Pschorn-Walcher, H. and Bennett, F. D. (1968) Host suitability experiments with three tachinid parasites of Diatraea spp. in Barbados and Trinidad, West Indies. Proc. int. Soc. Sug. Cane Technol., 13 Cong., Taiwan, pp. 1331–1341.Google Scholar
Rao, V. P., Ghani, M. A. and Mathur, K. C. (1971) A review of the biological control of insects and other pests in South-East Asia and the Pacific Region. Tech. Commun. Inst. Biol. Control No. 6, 149 pp.Google Scholar
Singh, S. R., Van Emden, H. F. and Ajibola Taylor, T. (Eds.) (1978) Pests of Grain Legumes: Ecology and Control. Academic Press, London, xv + 454 pp.Google Scholar
Usua, E. J. and Singh, S. R. (1978) Parasites and predators of the cowpea pod-borer, Maruca testulalis (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae). Niger. J. Ent. 3, 100–102.Google Scholar
Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. (1941) Some insects of economic importance in Seychelles. Bull. ent. Res. 32, 153–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar