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Agriculture and Vector Resistance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

Jean Mouchet
Jean Mouchet
Affiliation:
Inspecteur général de recherches honoraire de l'ORSTOM, 59 rue d'Orsel, 75018 Paris, France
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Abstract

Agricultural treatments mainly against cotton and rice pests put a considerable insecticide pressure on larvae and sometimes adults of several vector species. Resistances to compounds which had never been used for public health, but were currently employed in agriculture were observed among vectors. It was also noticed that resistance level in some vector species was linked to the quantity of the compound used in the same area against crop pests.

Resistance in Anopheles gambiae in Africa, in An. albimanus in Central America, in An. culicifacies and An. aconitus in South East Asia, in An. sacharovi in Turkey, in Culex tritaeniorhynchus in the Far East as well as the DDT resistance in Simulium damnosum in West Africa, seem to be associated with the agricultural practices.

On the other hand, resistance did not develop in species which, due to their ecology, were not in contact with agricultural insecticide even in areas where DDT was applied for more than 20 years in house spraying. This is the case of An. dirus and An. minimus in Thailand and An. darlingi South America.

However several important factors like Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, have developed resistance for which agricultural treatments cannot be held responsible. It would be worth saying that the rise in malaria in certain countries, such as India, is only due to the increase of insecticide in agriculture after the “green revolution”.

Résumé

Les traitements agricoles destinés, en particulier, au coton et au riz ont provoqué une pression insecticide considérable sur les larves et quelquefois les adultes de plusieurs espèces de vecteurs. On a observé chez ces derniers le développement de résistances à des produits qui n'avaient jamais été utilisés en santé publique mais étaient d'emploi courant en agriculture. On a également noté que les niveaux de résistance des vecteurs à certains produits étaient étroitement correlés à l'utilisation de ces composés en agriculture dans la même région.

On a ainsi constaté que les résistances d'Anopheles gambiae en Afrique, d'An. albimanus en Amérique Centrale, d'An. culicifacies et d'An. aconitus en Asie, d'An. sacharovi en Turquie, de Culex tritaeniorhynchus en Extrême Orient étaient liées aux pratiques agricoles de même que la résistance au DDT de Simulium damnosum en Afrique de l'Ouest.

Inversement l'utilisation du DDT en traitement intradomiciliaire pendant plus de 20 ans n'a pas entrainé de résistance chez des espèces, comme An. minimus et An. dirus en Thaïlande et An. darlingi en Amérique du Sud, que leur écologie tient à l'écart des traitements agricoles.

Il existe cependant des vecteurs importants comme An. stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus et Ae. aegypti qui ont développé des résistances dont les traitements agricoles ne peuvent être tenus pour responsables. Ces traitements ne sauraient d'ailleurs supporter la responsabilité totale de la reprise du paludisme dans certains pays comme l'Inde.

Keywords

AgricultureinsecticideresistanceAnophelesCulexAedesmalariaJapanese encephalitisAgricultureinsecticiderésistanceAnophelesCulexAedesPaludisme-Encéphalite japanaise
Type
Mini Review Article
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 9 , Issue 3 , June 1988 , pp. 297 - 302
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 1988

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