Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T14:55:31.728Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Involuntary Commitment as a Psychiatric Technology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2009

Virginia Aldigé Hiday
Virginia Aldigé Hiday
Affiliation:
North Carolina State University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In the process of involuntary commitment,1 the state makes available its coercive power for use as a psychiatric technology. This application of the state's power is based on the idea that mental illness can make a person not only sick but also unaware of the illness, and dangerous or unable to care for his/her basic needs; thus, coercion may have to be used to secure the mentally ill person's and/or the public's safety, and to give treatment until the illness abates.

Type
Special Section: The Assessment of Psychiatry
Information
International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care , Volume 12 , Issue 4 , Fall 1996 , pp. 585 - 603
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.American Psychiatric Association. Consent to voluntary hospitalization, I: Task Force Report No. 34, 1993.Google Scholar
2.Appelbaum, P. S., & Gutheil, T. G.Drug refusal: A study of psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1980, 137, 340–45.Google Scholar
3.Appelbaum, P. S., & Hoge, S. K.The right to refuse treatment: What the research reveals. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1986, 4, 279–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Bagby, R. M.The effects of legislative reform on admission rates to psychiatric units of general hospitals. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 10, 383–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5.Bagby, R. M., & Atkinson, L.The effects of legislative reform on civil commitment rates: A critical analysis. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1987, 6, 45–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Bagby, R. M., Silverman, I., Ryan, D. P., & Dickens, S. E.Effects of mental health legislative reform in Ontario. Canadian Psychology, 1987, 28, 21–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7.Beck, J. & Golowka, E.A study of enforced treatment in relation to Stone's ‘thank you’ theory. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1988, 6, 559–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Bennett, N. S., Lidz, C. W., Monahan, J., et al. Inclusion, motivation and good faith: The morality of coercion in mental hospital admission. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1993,11,295–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Brooks, A. D.The right to refuse antipsychotic medications: Law and policy. Rutgers Law Review, 1987, 39, 339–76.Google ScholarPubMed
10.Brown, P.Psychiatric treatment refusal, patient competence, and informed consent. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1986, 8, 83–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Bursten, B.Post hospital mandatory outpatient treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1986, 43, 1255–58.Google Scholar
12.Consensus conference: Electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1985, 254, 2103–08.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Dabrowski, S., Frydman, L., & Zakowska-Dabrowska, T.Physical restraints in Polish psychiatric facilities. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1986, 8, 369–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14.Dawson, J.Community treatment orders. OTAGO Law Review, 1991, 7, 410–25.Google Scholar
15.Decker, F. H.Changes in the legal status of mental patients as waivers of a constitutional right: The problem of consent. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 1980, 8, 31–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Decker, F. H.Changes in the legal status of mental patients and hospital management. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1981, 17, 153–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Durham, M. & LaFond, J. Q.The empirical consequences and policy implications of broadening commitment criteria. Yale Law and Policy Review, 1985, 3, 395–446.Google Scholar
18.Edelsohn, G. & Hiday, V. A.Civil commitment: A range of patient attitudes. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 1990, 18, 65–77.Google ScholarPubMed
19.Faulkner, L. R., Bloom, J. D., & Kundahl-Stanley, K.Effects of new involuntary commitment law: Expectations and reality. Bulletin of the American Academy in Psychiatry and Law, 1982, 10, 249–59.Google Scholar
20.Feldbrugge, J. T. T. M. Trends in mental commitment law in the Netherlands. Presented to the International Congress of Law and Mental Health, Lisbon, Portugal, 1983.Google Scholar
21.Fernandez, G., & Nygard, S.Impact of involuntary outpatient commitment on the revolving-door syndrome in North Carolina. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1990, 41, 1001–04.Google ScholarPubMed
22.Forster, R.Austria's new civil commitment law: The first two years. Presented to the International Congress of Law and Mental Health, 1993, Lisbon, Portugal.Google Scholar
23.Frydman, L. L.Effects of psychiatric legislation: An example from Kansas. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 1980, 8, 73–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Gardner, W., Hoge, S. K., Bennett, N., et al. Two scales for measuring patients' perceptions of coercion during mental hospital admission. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1993, 11, 307–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Gilboy, J., & Schmidt, J.‘Voluntary’ hospitalization of the mentally ill. Northwestern University Law Review, 1971, 66, 429–53.Google Scholar
26.Gostin, L.1987. Human rights in mental health: A proposal for five international standards based upon the Japanese experience. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1987, 10, 353–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Gove, W., & Fain, T.A comparison of voluntary and committed psychiatric patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1977, 34, 669–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Greenman, M., & McClellan, T. A.The impact of a more stringent commitment code in Minnesota. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1985, 36, 990–92.Google Scholar
29.Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Preston, D. L.Staff and patient perceptions of the least restrictive alternatives for the short-term control of disturbed behavior. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 1990, 18, 239–67.Google Scholar
30.Haupt, D. N., & Ehrlich, S. M.The impact of new state commitment law on psychiatric patients' careers. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1980, 31, 745–51.Google Scholar
31.Hiday, V. A.Civil commitment: A review of empirical research. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1988, 6, 15–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Hiday, V. A.Dangerousness of civil commitment candidates: A six-month follow-up. Law and Human Behavior, 1990, 14, 551–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Hiday, V. A.Coercion in civil commitment: Process, preferences and outcome. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1992, 15, 359–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Hiday, V. A.Involuntary consumers: Are the new mental health laws effective? Paper presented to the Southern Sociological Society, Miami, FL, 1976.Google Scholar
35.Hiday, V. A.Mental commitment legislation: Impact on length of stay. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 1977, 6, 4–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Hiday, V. A.Sociology of mental health law. Sociology and Social Research, 1983, 67, 111–28.Google Scholar
37.Hiday, V. A., & Goodman, R. R.The least restrictive alternative to involuntary hospitalization, outpatient commitment: Its use and effectiveness. The Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 1982, Spring, 81–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Hiday, V. A., & Scheid-Cook, T. L.A follow-up of chronic patients committed to outpatient treatment. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1989, 40, 52–58.Google ScholarPubMed
39.Hiday, V. A., & Scheid-Cook, T. L.Outpatient commitment for revolving door patients: Treatment and compliance. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1990, 179, 85–90.Google Scholar
40.Hiday, V. A., & Scheid-Cook, T. L.The North Carolina experience with outpatient commitment: A critical appraisal. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1987, 10, 215–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Hoge, S. K., Appelbaum, P. S. & Lawlor, T., et al. A prospective study of patients' refusal of antipsychotic medication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1990, 47, 949–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Hoge, S. K., Lidz, C. W., Mulvey, E. P., et al. Patient, family, and staff perceptions of coercion in mental hospital admission: An exploratory study. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1993, 11, 281–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Hoyer, G.Compulsorily admitted patients' ability to make use of their legal rights. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1986, 8, 413–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Hoyer, G.Grounds for involuntary hospitalization according to the opinion of Norwegian psychiatrists. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1988a, 11, 289–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Hoyer, G.The Control-Commissions' procedure of complaints in Norwegian mental hospitals. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1988b, 11, 61–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Joost, R. H., & McGarry, A. L.Massachusetts mental health code: Promise and performance. American Bar Association Journal, 1974, 60, 95–97.Google Scholar
47.Kane, J. M., Quitkin, F., & Rifkin, A.Attitudinal changes of involuntarily committed patients following treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1983, 40, 374–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48.Karrstrom, J. M.Psychiatry, compulsion and legal security: A report from the Social Affairs Commission in Sweden. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1986, 8, 327–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Keisling, R.Characteristics and outcome of patients who refuse medication. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1983, 34, 847–48.Google ScholarPubMed
50.Kjellin, L., Westrin, C. G., Eriksson, K. et al. Coercion in psychiatric care: Problems of medical ethics in a comprehensive empirical study. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1993, 11, 323–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51.LaFond, J.Q., & Durham, M.Back to asylum. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
52.Legemaate, J.Legal aspects of voluntary psychiatric hospitalization. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1988, 11, 259–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53.Leiber, M. J.Civil commitment in Dane County, Wisconsin: 1969–1984. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 1992, 20, 207–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54.Lewis, D. A., Goetz, E., Schoenfield, M., et al. The negotiation of involuntary civil commitment. Law and Society Review, 1984, 18, 630–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55.Lidz, C. W., Hoge, S. K., Gardner, W. P., et al. Perceived coercion in mental hospital admission: Pressures and process. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1996, 52, 1034–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
56.Lidz, C. W., Meisel, A., Zerubaval, E., et al. Informed consent: A study of decision making in psychiatry. New York: Guilford Press, 1984.Google Scholar
57.Lidz, C. W., Mulvey, E. P., Arnold, R. P., et al. Coercive interactions in a psychiatric emergency room. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1993, 11, 269–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58.Lindberg, S., & Goldenberg, E. E.A study of involuntary patients in Seattle. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1977, 28, 834–37.Google Scholar
59.Luckey, J. W., & Berman, J. J.Effects of a new commitment law on involuntary admissions and service utilization patterns. Law and Human Behavior, 1979, 1, 149–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60.Mahler, H., & Co, B. T. Jr.Who are the ‘committed?’ Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1984, 172, 189–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61.Manderscheid, R. W., & Sohnnenschein, M. A. (eds.). Mental Health, United States 1990. DHHS publication no. (ADM) 90–1708. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.Google Scholar
62.Marder, S. R., Swan, E., Winslaade, W. S., et al. A study of medication refusal by involuntary psychiatric patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1984, 35, 724–26.Google ScholarPubMed
63.McCafferty, G., & Dooley, J.Involuntary outpatient commitment: An update. Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter, 1990, 14, 276–87.Google Scholar
64.McGarry, A. L., Schwitzgebel, R. K., Lipsett, P. D., & Lelos, D.Civil commitment and social policy. DHHS publication no. (ADM) 81–1011. Rockville, MD: NIMH, Center for Studies of Crime and Delinquency, 1981.Google Scholar
65.McNeil, D. E., & Binder, R. L.Predictive validity of judgments of dangerousness in emergency civil commitment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1987, 144, 197–200.Google Scholar
66.Miller, K. S., Simons, R. L., & Fein, S. B.Compulsory mental hospitalization in England and Wales. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1974, 15, 151–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67.Miller, R. D.Economic factors leading to diversion of the mentally disordered from the civil to the criminal commitment systems. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1992, 15, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
68.Miller, R. D.Involuntary civil commitment of the mentally ill in the post-reform era. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1987.Google Scholar
69.Miller, R. D.Outpatient civil commitment of the mentally ill: An overview and an update. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1988, 6, 99–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70.Miller, R. D.Voluntary involuntary commitment: The briar-patch syndrome. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 1982, 8, 305–12.Google Scholar
71.Miller, R. D., & Fiddleman, P.Outpatient commitment: Treatment in the least restrictive environment? Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1984, 35, 147–51.Google ScholarPubMed
72.Monahan, J., Hoge, S. K., & Lidz, C. W.Coercion and commitment: Understanding involuntary mental hospital admission. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1994, 18, 249–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73.Morrissey, J. P., Burton, N. M., & Steadman, H. J.Developing an empirical base for psycho-legal policy analyses of ECT: A New York state survey. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1979, 2, 99–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Morrissey, J. P., Goldman, H. H.Care and treatment of the mentally ill in the United States: Historical developments and reforms. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1986, 484, 12–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
75.Orkin, R. L.The relationship between legal states and patient characteristics in state hospitals. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1986, 143, 1233–37.Google Scholar
76.Peters, R., Miller, K. S., Schmidt, W., & Meeter, D.The effects of statutory change on the civil commitment of the mentally ill. Law and Human Behavior, 1987, 11, 73–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Reed, S. C., & Lewis, D. A.The negotiation of voluntary admission in Chicago's state mental hospitals. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 1990, 18, 137–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
78.Riecher-Rossler, A., & Rossler, W.Compulsory admission of psychiatric patients: An international comparison. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1993, 87, 231–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79.Rofman, E. S., Askinazi, C., & Fant, E.The prediction of dangerous behavior in emergency civil commitment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1980, 137, 1061–64.Google Scholar
80.Rogers, A.Coercion and ‘voluntary’ admission: An examination of psychiatric patient views. Behaviorial Sciences and the Law, 1993, 11, 259–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81.Rosenstein, M., Steadman, H. J., MacAskill, R., & Manderscheid, R. Legal status of admissions to three inpatient psychiatric settings, United States, 1980. Mental Health Statistical Note, No. 178. Washington, DC: NIMH, 1986.Google Scholar
82.Rothman, D. J.Conscience and convenience: The asylum and its alternatives in progressive America. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1980.Google Scholar
83.Rothman, D. J.The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the new republic. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1971.Google Scholar
84.Salzberg, S. M.Japan's new mental health law: More light shed on dark places? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1991, 14, 137–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85.Scheid-Cook, T. L.Controllers and controlled: An analysis of participant constructions of outpatient commitment. Sociology of Health and Illness, 1993, 15, 179–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
86Schmidt, M. J., & Geller, J. L.Involuntary administration of medication in the community: The judicial opportunity. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 1989, 17, 283–92.Google ScholarPubMed
87.Schultz, S.1982. The Boston State Hospital case: A conflict of civil liberties and true liberalism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1982, 139, 183–88.Google Scholar
88.Schwartz, H. I., Vingiano, W., & Bezirganian, C.Autonomy and the right to refuse treatment: Patients' attitudes after involuntary medication. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1988, 39, 1049–54.Google ScholarPubMed
89.Shannon, P. J.Coercion and compulsory hospitalization: Some patients' attitudes. Medical Journal of Australia, 1976, 2, 798–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90.Sheline, Y., & Beattie, M.Effects of the right to refuse medication in an emergency psychiatric service. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1992, 43, 640–42.Google Scholar
91.Shore, J. H., Breakey, W., & Arvidson, B.Morbidity and mortality in the commitment process. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1981, 38, 930–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92.Soloff, P. H., & Turner, S. M.Patterns of seclusion: A prospective study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1981, 169, 37–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93.Soothill, K., Kupituksa, P., Badiani, D., & Macmillan, F.Compulsory admissions to mental hospitals: A replication study. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1990, 13, 179–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94.Soothill, K., et al. Compulsory admissions to mental hospitals in six countries. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1981, 4, 327–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95.Spensley, J., Barter, J. T., Werne, P. H. & Langsley, D. G.Involuntary hospitalization: What for and how long? American Journal of Psychiatry, 1974, 131, 219–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
96.Srinivasan, D. P., Soundarajan, P. C., Jullin, R. P.Attitudes of patients and relatives to compulsory admission. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1980, 136, 200–04.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
97.Stone, A. A.Mental health and law: A system of transition. Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1975.Google Scholar
98.Swartz, M. S., & Burns, B. J. Evaluation of outpatient commitment. Funded proposal to the National Institute of Mental Health (RO1 MH 1 MH48103), 1992.Google Scholar
99.Swartz, M. S., Burns, B. J., Hiday, V. A., et al. New directions in research on involuntary outpatient commitment. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1994, 46, 381–85.Google Scholar
100.Toews, J., el-Guebaly, N., & Leckie, A.Patients' reactions to their commitment. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 1981, 26, 251–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101.Toews, J., el-Guebaly, N., Leckie, A., & Harper, D.Patients'attitudes at the time of their commitment. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 1984, 29, 590–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
102.Trachina, P., Archi, G., & Ferrara, M.The new legislation in Italian psychiatry: An advanced law originating from alternative practice. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1981, 4, 181–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
103.VanPutten, R. A., Santiago, J. M., & Berren, M. R.Involuntary outpatient commitment in Arizona: A retrospective study. Hospital Community Psychiatry, 1988, 39, 953–58.Google Scholar
104.Van Putten, T.Why do schizophrenic patients refuse to take their drugs? Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974, 31, 67–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105.Verdun-Jones, S. N.The right to refuse treatment: Recent developments in Canadian jurisprudence. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1988, 11, 51–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106.Vestergaard, J.The Danish Mental Health Act of 1989: Psychiatric discretion and the new legalism. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1994, 17, 191–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107.Wadeson, H., & Carpenter, W. T.Impact of the seclusion room experience. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1976, 163, 318–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
108.Wanck, B.Two decades of involuntary hospitalization legislation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1984, 141, 33–38.Google ScholarPubMed
109.Warren, C. A. B.Electroconvulsive therapy and the elderly. Journal of Aging Studies, 1991, 5, 309–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
110.Warren, C. A. B. Electroconvulsive therapy: ‘New’ treatment of the 1980s. In Spitzer, S. (ed.), Law, deviance and social control. AT Scull: JAI Press, 1986, pp. 41–55.Google Scholar
111.Way, B. B.The use of restraint and seclusion in New York state psychiatric centers. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1986, 8, 383–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
112.Weinstein, R. D.Patient attitudes toward mental hospitalization: A review of quantitative research. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1979, 20, 237–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
113.Werner, R. D., Yesavage, J. A., Becker, J. M. T., et al. Hostile words and assaultive behavior on an acute inpatient unit. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1983, 171, 385–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
114.Westrin, C., Nilstun, T., Axelsson, M., et al. An empirical study of commitment and involuntary treatment in Sweden. In Stefanis, C., Soldatos, C., & Rabavilas, A. (eds.), Psychiatry: A world perspective, vol. 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1990, 798–802.Google Scholar
115.Wexler, D. B.Mental health law: Major issues. New York: Plenum Press, 1981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
116.Wexler, D. B.The structure of civil commitment: Patterns, pressures and interactions in mental health legislation. Law and Human Behavior, 1983, 7, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
117.Winick, B. J.Competency to consent to voluntary hospitalization: A therapeutic jurisprudence analysis of Zinermon v. Burch. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1991, 14, 169–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118.Winick, B. J.The right to refuse mental health treatment: A therapeutic jurisprudence analysis. International Journal of Law and Pscyhiatry, 1994, 17, 99–117.Google Scholar
119.Yesavage, J. A., Werner, P. D., Becker, J. M. T., & Mills, M. J.Short-term civil commitment and the violent patient: A study of legal status and inpatient behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1145–49.Google Scholar
120.Zanni, C., & de Veau, L.Inpatient stays before and after outpatient commitment. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1986, 37, 941–42.Google ScholarPubMed
121.Zito, J. M., Haimowitz, S., Wanderling, J., & Mehta, R. M.One year under Rivers: Drug refusal in a New York state psychiatric facility. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 1981, 12, 295–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar