Pharmaceutical manufacturers, regulators, patients, providers, and payers all have a shared interest in improving health outcomes for patients with cancer. Each plays an important role in helping to achieve this common goal. Pharmaceutical manufacturers seek to develop new medicines that are supported by robust and clinically meaningful evidence of their safety, efficacy, and effectiveness. Regulators authorize these medicines based on evaluations of their safety and efficacy. Patients and providers together make treatment decisions and desire access to the most effective treatment options. Payers appraise new medicines with the goal of ensuring access to those medicines that constitute efficient uses of healthcare expenditure. Profits generated from the sale of the medicines provide a return to the manufacturer, which helps to drive continued research and development in an effort to improve patient health outcomes and societal well-being. Many payers have initiated health technology assessment (HTA) activities to inform decision making in light of the rising costs of health care. Given the financial constraints imposed as a result of the global economic crisis, HTAs are likely to become increasingly important as payers seek value for money solutions to major health problems. Successful collaboration and aligning incentives across stakeholders is critical to ensuring that patients are able to access the most effective medicines.