Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T14:25:00.193Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Present Applications and Projected Developments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2009

Bertil R. R. Persson
Affiliation:
University of Lund, Department of Radiation Physics

Extract

The first successful demonstration of the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), or nuclear induction in solids and liquids, was published almost simultaneously in 1946 by Bloch, Hansen, and Packard (7) working at Stanford University and Purcell, Torrey, and Pound (75) working at Harvard University. The immediate impact of their work was in physics and chemistry, but the applications have steadily widened and recently the application of NMR in medicine has become very exciting.

Type
An International View of Magnetic Resonance—Imaging and Spectroscopy
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1.Akin, E. W., Ennis, J. T., Subbiondo, R., Thomas, K., Fitzsimmons, J., Hill, J., Hamlin, D., Mareci, T., Scott, K., & Williams, C.Complementary role of MR imaging and phase analysis in assessment of myocardial damage. Radiology, 1984, 153, 261.Google Scholar
2.Andrew, E. R., Bottomley, P. A., Hinshaw, W. S., Holland, G. N., Moore, W. S., & Simaroj, C.NMR images by multiple sensitive point method: Application to larger biological systems. Physical Medical Biology, 1977, 22, 971–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.van As Schaafsma, T. J., de Jager, P. A., & Kleijn, J. M.Flow imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance. Annals de Radiologie, 1984, 27, 405–13.Google Scholar
4.Bakker, C. J. G., & Vriend, J.Multiexponential water proton spin-lattice relaxation in biological tissues and its implication for quantitative NMR imaging. Physical Medical Biology, 1984, 29, 509–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Bendel, P., Lai, C. M., & Lauterbur, P. C.31P Spectroscopic zeugmatography of phosphorous metabolites. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 1980, 38, 343–56.Google Scholar
6.BGA. Bundesgesundheitsamt. Empfehlungen zur vermeidung gesundlicher Risiken verursacht durch magnetisch und hochfrequente elektromagnetische felder bei der NMR-tomographie und in-vivo NMR spectroskopie. Bundesgesundheitsbl, 1984, 27, 9296.Google Scholar
7.Bloch, F., Hansen, W. W., & Packard, M. E.Nuclear induction. Physical Review, 1946, 69, 127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8.Bloembergen, N., Purcell, E. M., & Pound, R. V.Relaxation effects in nuclear magnetic resonance absorption. Physical Review, 1948, 73, 679712.Google Scholar
9.Bottomley, P. A., Foster, T. H., & Leue, W. M.Chemical imaging of the brain by NMR. The Lancet, 1984a, May 19, 1120.Google Scholar
10.Bottomley, P. A., Foster, T. H., & Leue, W. M.1H chemical shift imaging of the brain. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984b, 7273.Google Scholar
11.Bottomley, P. A., Edelstein, W. A., Leue, W. M., Redington, R. W., Schenck, Foster T. B., & Smith, L. S.Technical feasibility of clinical 1H imaging and 31P spectroscopy. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 1984, 6869.Google Scholar
12.Brant-Zawadzki, M.Clinical MRI of the CNS: General neurological disorders. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1984, 8891.Google Scholar
13.Brasch, R. C.Applications for paramagnetic MRI contrast agents. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 9497.Google Scholar
14.BRH, FDA (Bureau of Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration). Guidelines for evaluating electromagnetic risk for trials of clinical NMR systems. Rockville, Md.: FDA, 1982, HFX–460.Google Scholar
15.Budinger, T. F.Comparison of NMR to other modalities. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1984, 115–19.Google Scholar
16.Bydder, G. M.Magnetic resonance imaging of tumors of the central nervous system. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 122–23.Google Scholar
17.Bydder, G. M., Brown, J., Steiner, R. E., & Young, I. R.Use of intravenous gadolinium-DTPA as a contrast agent in MR imaging of non-malignant disease of the brain. Radiology, 1984, 153, 84.Google Scholar
18.Cady, E. B., de L. Costello, A. M., Dawson, J. M., Delphy, D. T., Hope, P. L., Reynolds, E. O. R., Tofts, P. S., & Wilkie, D. R.Non-invasive investigation of cerebral metabolism in newborn infants by phosphorous NMR spectroscopy. The Lancet, 1983, 05 14, 1059–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Carlsson, L. (1985) Personal communication.Google Scholar
20.Carr, D. H., Steiner, R. E., & Young, I. R.Initial clinical experience with gadolinium DTPA as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 136–37.Google Scholar
21.Carr, D. H., Brown, J., Bydder, G. M., Steiner, R. E., Weinmann, H.-J., Speck, U., Hall, A. S., & Young, I. R. (1984) Gadolinium-DTPA as a contrast in MRI: Initial clinical experience in 20 patients. American Journal of Radiology, 143, 215–44.Google Scholar
22.Chilton, H. M., Jackels, S. C., Hinson, W. H., & Ekstrand, K. E.Use of paramagnetic substance, colloidal manganese sulfide, as an NMR contrast materials in rats. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 1984, 25, 604–7.Google Scholar
23.Clanton, J. A., Runge, V. M., Price, A. C., Herzer, C. J., Wehr, V. W., Schorner, R., Felix, R., Partain, C. L., & James, A. E. Jr,, Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the brain: Experimental and clinical investigation with Gd-DTPA. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 157–58.Google Scholar
24.Clanton, J. A., Runge, V. M., Price, A. C., Wehr, C. J., Herzer, W. A., Dennis, R. L., Partain, C. L., James, A. E. Jr,, Defining the potential of Gadolinium-DTPA, a proposed i.v. contrast agent, in magnetic resonance imaging. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 159160.Google Scholar
25.Clanton, J. A., Runge, V. M., Carrol, F. E., Partain, C. L., & James, E. A.The use of oral contrast and respiratory gating in MR imaging of the pancreas. Radiology, 1984, 153, 159.Google Scholar
26.Clow, H., & Young, I. R.Britain's brains produce first NMR scan. New Scientist, 1978, 88, 588.Google Scholar
27.Cohen, A. M., Creviston, S., Lipuma, J. P., Bryan, P. J., Lieberman, J. M., Guyton, S. W., Clayman, J., Haaga, J. R., & Alfidi, R. J.Comparison of MR and CT for staging Bronchogenic carcinoma. Radiology, 1984, 153, 209.Google Scholar
28.Crooks, L. E., Barker, B., Chang, H., Feinberg, D., Hoeninger, J. C., Watts, J. C., Arakawa, M., Kaufman, L., Sheldon, P. E., Higgins, C. & Botvinick, . Strategies for gated MRI of the heart. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 171–72.Google Scholar
29.Curati, W. L., Steiner, R. E., Kingsley, D. E. P.MR imaging in the diagnosis of acoustic neuronomas. Radiology, 1984, 153, 110.Google Scholar
30.Damadian, R. V.Tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance. Science, 1971, 171, 1151–53.Google Scholar
31.Damadian, R. V.Apparatus and method for detecting cancer in tissue. U.S. Patent 3789932, filed 17 March, 1972.Google Scholar
32.Damadian, R. V., Goldsmith, M., & Minkoff, L.NMR in cancer: FONAR image of the live human body. Physiol Chem Phys, 1977, 97108.Google Scholar
33.Dickinson, W. C.Dependence of the 19F nuclear resonance position on chemical compound. Physiology Review, 1950, 77, 736–37.Google Scholar
34.Dijk, P.vanDirect cardiac NMR imaging of heartwall and blood flow velocity. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 1984, 8, 429–36.Google Scholar
35.Dixon, W. T., Faul, D. D., Gado, M. H., Lee, J. K. T., & Murphy, W. A.Using the chemical shift difference between water and lipid in proton imaging. Radiology, 1984, 153, 65.Google Scholar
36.Englund, E., Brun, A., Cronquist, S., Györffy-Wagner, Z., Larsson, E.-M., Owman, T., Persson, B.Brain tumours: A correlative study of magnetic resonance and histopathological findings. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 218.Google Scholar
37.Falke, T. H. M., Bloem, J. A., Taminiau, A. H. M., Doornbos, J., Oosterrom, A. T.vanApplication of MRI in diagnosis and follow-up during treatment of bone tumors. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 225–26.Google Scholar
38.Felix, R., Schoerner, W., Claussen, C., Fiegler, W., & Niendorf, P.Diagnostic value of gadolinium-DTPA in MR imaging of brain tumors. Radiology, 1984, 153, 84.Google Scholar
39.Gadian, D. G.Nuclear magnetic resonance and its application to living system. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.Google Scholar
40.Gado, M. H., Dixon, W. T., Teng, M., Hodges, F. J., & Sartor, K. J.Optimal pulse parameters in spin-echo imaging of brain and spinal cord. Radiology, 1984, 153, 141.Google Scholar
41.Genant, H. K., Richardson, M. L., Heller, M., Helms, C. A., & Chafetz, N. I.Magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 259–62.Google Scholar
42.Glazer, H. S., Lee, J. K. T., Levitt, R. G., Totty, W. G., Emami, B., Wasserman, T., & Murphy, W. A.MR imaging of post-treatment fibrosis. Radiology, 1984, 153, 209.Google Scholar
43.Gore, J. C., Doyle, F. H., Pennock, J. M. Relaxation rate enhancement observed in vivo by NMR imaging. In Oartain, C. L., James, A. E., Rollo, F. D., & Price, R. R. (eds.), Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1983, 94106.Google Scholar
44.Györffy-Wagner, Z., Englund, E., Larsson, E.-M., Brun, A., Cronquist, S., Owman, T., & Persson, B. (1985) In Hopf, M. A. & Bydder, G. M. (eds.), Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy. Geneva, Switzerland: European Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medical Biology, 1985, 5155.Google Scholar
45.Hanley, P.Magnets for medical applications of NMR. British Medical Bulletin 1984, 40, 125–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46.Hart, H. R., Bottomley, P. A., Edelstein, W. A., Karr, S. G., Leue, W. M., Mueller, O., Redington, R. W., Schenck, J. F., Smith, L. S., & Vatis, D.Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging contrast-to-noise ratio as a function of strength of magnetic field. American Journal of Radiology, 1983, 141, 11951201.Google Scholar
47.Heiken, J. P., Lee, J. K. T., Ling, D., & Glazer, H. S.MR imaging of hepatic metastases. Radiology, 1984, 153, 265.Google Scholar
48.Hilal, S. K., Farby, M., Segebatrth, C., Wittekoek, S., & Ra, J. B.In vivo and in vitro chemical shift imaging of sodium. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 1984, 322.Google Scholar
49.Hilal, S. K., Lee, S., Cho, Z. H., Mun, S. K., Ra, J. B., Mawad, M., Silver, A. J., & Sane, P.Proton and sodium NMR in stroke. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 323.Google Scholar
50.Hilal, S. K., Ra, J. B., Cho, Z. H., Mun, S. K., Mawad, M., Silver, A. J., & Wittekoek, S.Clinical application of proton chemical shift imaging. Proceeding of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 324.Google Scholar
51.Hoult, D. I., Busby, S. J. W., Gadian, D. G., & Seeley, P. J.Observations of tissue metabolites using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature, 1974, 252, 285–87.Google Scholar
52.Houston, L. W., Turski, P. A., Perman, W. H., Strother, C. M., Hald, J. K., Hayes, C. E., Glover, G., & Wehrli, F. W.In-vivo sodium MR imaging: Clinical experience and an experimental canine gliosarcoma model. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 344.Google Scholar
52a.Hricak, H.Pelvis: Male and female. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 345.Google Scholar
53.Hricak, H., Pedusca, N., Terrier, F., & Vincenti, F.The potential of MR Imaging in post-transplant renal failure. Radiology, 1984, 153, 59.Google Scholar
54.Höglund, A., & Odeblad, E. Sperm penetration in cervical mucus: A biophysical and group-theoretical approach. In The uterine cervix in reproduction Insler, V. & Bettendorf, G. (eds.), Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Publishers, 1977, 129–34.Google Scholar
55.Inouye, T., Satoh, K., Kose, K., & Yamakawa, K.Methods for relaxation time computed images. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 371.Google Scholar
56.Kaufman, L., Crooks, L., Sheldon, P., Hricak, H., Herfkens, R., & Bank, W.The potential impact of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging on cardiovascular diagnosis. Circulation, 1983, 67, 251–57.Google Scholar
57.Kneeland, J. B., Kazam, E., Caputo, T., Knowles, J. R., & Cahill, P. T.Comparison of MR imaging and CT/ultrasound imaging of gynecologic tumours. Radiology 1984, 153, 32.Google Scholar
58.Knight, W. D.Nuclear magnetic shift in metals. Physiology Review, 1949, 76, 1259–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Lauterbur, P. C.Image formation by induced local interaction: Examples employing NMR. Nature, 1973, 242, 190–91.Google Scholar
60.Li, K. C., Henkelman, R. M., Poon, P. Y., & Rubenstein, J.Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal knee. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 473.Google Scholar
61.Lipuma, J. P., Bryan, P. J., Butler, H. E., Miraldi, F. D.Dandrea, & Hau, T.Renal transplant MR: A Prospective study. Radiology, 1984, 153, 59.Google Scholar
62.Mansfield, P.Multiplanar image formation using NMR spin echoes. Journal Phys C Solid State Phys, 1977, 10, 55–8.Google Scholar
63.Mansfield, P., Pykett, I. L., Morris, P. G., & Coupland, R. E.Human whole body line-scan imaging by NMR. British Journal of Radiology, 1978, 51, 921–22.Google Scholar
64.Mendonca-Dias, M. H., Gaggelli, E., & Lauterbur, P. C.Paramagnetic contrast agents in nuclear magnetic resonance medical imaging. Sem Nucl Med 1983, 13, 364–76.Google Scholar
65.Mills, C. M., Crooks, L. E., Kaufman, L., & Brant-Zawadzki, M.Cerebral abnor malities: Use of calculated Tl and T2 magnetic resonance images for diagnosis. Radiology, 1984, 150, 8794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
66.Moon, R. B., & Richards, J. H.Determination of intracellular pH by phosphorous NMR. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1973, 248, 7276–78.Google Scholar
67.Newman, R. J., Bore, P. J., Chan, L., Gadian, D. G., Styles, P., Taylor, D., & Radda, G. K.NMR studies of forearm muscle in Duchenne dystrophy. British Medical Journal, 1982, 284, 1072.Google Scholar
68.NRPB (National Radiological Protection Board) (Great Britain). Exposure to nuclear magnetic resonance clinical imaging. Radiography, 1981, 47, 258–60.Google Scholar
69.NRPB (National Radiological Protection Board) (Great Britain). Revised guidance on acceptable limits of exposure during nuclear magnetic resonance clinical imaging. British Journal of Radiology, 1982, 56, 974–82.Google Scholar
70.Odeblad, E., & Lindström, G.Some preliminary observations on the NMR in biological samples. Acta Radiologica, 1955, 43, 469–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71.Olsson, M., Persson, B. R. R., Salford, L. G., & Schröder, U. The use of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances as contrast agent in NMR-imaging of Tl and T2 respectively. In Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy. Hopf, M. A. & Bydder, G. M. (eds.), Geneva, Switzerland: European Society for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Medical Biology, 1985.Google Scholar
72.Ortendahl, D. A., Hylton, N. M., Kaufman, L., & Crooks, L. E.Tissue type identification with MRI using characteristic tissue parameters and hierarchical processing. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 567–68.Google Scholar
73.Patric, J. L., & Haacke, E. M.Accuracy of computed Tl and T2 techniques. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 572–73.Google Scholar
74.Procter, W. G., & Yu, F. C.The dependence of a nuclear magnetic resonance frequency upon chemical compound. Physics Review, 1950, 77, 717.Google Scholar
75.Purcell, E. M., Torrey, H. C., & Pound, R. V.Resonance absorption by nuclear magnetic moments in a solid. Physics Review, 1946, 69, 3738.Google Scholar
76.Revel, D., Terrier, F., Hricak, H., & Higgins, C. B.Determination of the nature of pleural effusions with MR imaging. Radiology, 1984, 153, 209.Google Scholar
77.Rholl, K. S., Lee, J. K. T., Ling, D., Sicard, G., & Griffith, R.Differentiation of acute renal rejection and acute tubular necrosis: MR demonstration. Radiology, 1984, 153, 59.Google Scholar
78.Rinck, P. A., Petersen, S. B., Heidelberger, E., Acuff, V., Reinders, J., Bernardo, M. L., Hedges, L. K., & Lauterbur, P. C.NMR ventilation imaging of the lungs using perfluorinated gases. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1983, 302–3.Google Scholar
79.Runge, V. M., Stewart, R. G., Clanton, J. A., Jomes, M. M., Lukehart, C. M., Partain, C. L., & James, A.Work in progress, Potential oral and intraveneous paramagnetic NMR contrast agents. Radiology, 147, 789–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
80.Sattin, W., Fitzgerald, L. T., Mareci, T. H., & Scott, K. N.Determination of Tl by NMR imaging in an inhomogeneous Rf field. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 654–55.Google Scholar
81.Schörner, W., Felix, R., Claussen, C., Laniado, M., Niendorf, H. P., & Weinmann, , NMR-imaging of brain tumours with gadolinium-DTPA in humans. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 665–66.Google Scholar
82.Sepponen, R. E., Sipponen, J. T., Tanttu, J. I.A method for chemical shift imaging: Demonstration of bone marrow involvement with proton chemical shift imaging. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 1984, 8, 585–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83.Sepponen, R. E. Personal communication, Helsinki, Finland 1984.Google Scholar
84.Singer, J. R.Blood–flow rates by NMR measurement. Science, 1959, 130, 1652–53.Google Scholar
85.Starck, D. D., McCarthy, S. M., Callen, P. W., Hricak, H., & Filly, R. A.MR imaging of intrauterine growth retardation. Radiology 1984, 153, 31.Google Scholar
86.Stelling, C. B., Wang, P. C., Lieber, A., Mattingly, S. S., Griffen, W. O., & Powell, D. E.MR imaging of the female breast using a prototype breast coil. Radiology, 1984, 153, 163.Google Scholar
87.Stein, A. A., Lakshiminarayanan, A. V., & Gangarosa, R. E.Application of artificial intelligence to NMR clinical evaluation. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 702–3.Google Scholar
88. Technicare (1984) Figures from work in progress on “Flow imaging and two component chemical shift imaging.” Technicare Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio.Google Scholar
89.Thomas, S. R., Clark, L. C. Jr, Ackerman, J. L., Pratt, R. G., Hoffmann, R. E., Kinnett, D. G., & Kinsey, R. A.NMR imaging of the lung using liquid perfluorocarbon. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 702–3.Google Scholar
90.Turner, D. A., Prodromos, C. C., & Clark, J. W.MR imaging in detecting acute injury of ligaments of the knee. Radiology, 1984, 153, 115.Google Scholar
91.Vinocur, B.Tapping into blood flow with magnetic resonance. Diagnostic Imaging, 53, 4852.Google Scholar
92.Wang, P. C., Stelling, C. B., Mattingly, S. S., & Powell, D. E.In vivo breast magnetic resonance imaging using a prototype breast coil. In Esser, & Johnston, (eds.) Technology of NMR Society of Nuclear Medicine of New York, 1984, 179–91.Google Scholar
93.Wehrli, F. W., Shimakawa, A., MacFall, J. R., Axel, L., & Perman, W. H.Blood-flow velocity mapping in arteries and veins. Radiology, 1984, 153, 63.Google Scholar
94.Weinreb, J. C., Lowe, T. W., Santos-Ramos, R., Parkey, R. W., Cunningham, F. G., & Nunnally, R.The role of MR imaging in obstetrical diagnosis. Radiology, 1984, 153, 31.Google Scholar
95.Witcofski, R. L., Karstaedt, N., Partain, L., eds. NMR imaging: Proceedings of an international symposium in NMR imaging. Oct. 1–3, 1981. Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Lake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.Google Scholar
96.Wolfman, N. T., Moran, P. R., & Moram, R.Dedicated MR receiver coil allowing simultaneous breast imaging. Radiology, 1984, 153, 163.Google Scholar
97.Yoon, Y. S., Makley, J. T., Benson, J. E., Han, J. S., & Alfidi, R. J.MR imaging of bone tumors. Radiology, 1984, 153, 213.Google Scholar
98.Yousef, S. J.elMagnetic resonance imaging of the human breast: Comparative evaluation with mammography. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 772–73.Google Scholar
99.Zimmerman, R. D.MRI in vascular abnormalities of the brain. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1984, 783.Google Scholar