^{page 18 note 2} ‘Report on Erzerum’, United Kingdom, Parliamentary Accounts and Papers, 1873, vol. LXVII (henceforth A and P).

^{page 19 note 1} Public Record Office, Foreign Office series 60, vol. VII, 5 August 1812 (henceforth FO 60).

^{page 19 note 2} Willock to Castlereagh, 30 October 1820, FO 60/21; Willock to Canning, 4 March 1823, FO 60/22.

^{page 19 note 3} ‘Erzerum’, A and P, op. cit.

^{page 19 note 4} France, Affaires Etrangères, Correspondance Commerciale, Trébizonde, vol. III, 22 November 1831 (henceforth AE); see also Curzon, George N., Persia and the Persian Question (London, 1892), vol. II, pp. 563–4.Google Scholar

^{page 19 note 5} AE, Trébizonde, vol. III, 30 October 1831.

^{page 19 note 6} ‘Wedded as the Persians are to ancient usages, the Merchants manifest a repugnance to embark into business through a new channel, till one of their community shall, after a trial, have ascertained the certainty of success.’ Campbell to East India Company, 10 August 1831, FO 60/32.

^{page 19 note 7} AE, Trébizonde, vol. III, 12 January 1835 and 10 January 1834.

^{page 19 note 8} For details on the nature of the goods handled, the names and nationalities of the main firms in Istanbul, Tabriz and Trabzon engaged in the trade and the commercial usages prevailing see Gödel, Rudolf, Ueber den pontischen Handelsweg und die Verhältnisse des europaisch-persischen Verkehres (Vienna, 1849), passim,Google Scholar and Berezin, L., Puteschestvie po Severnoi Persii (Kazan, 1852, pp. 58–66), as well as the British and French consular reports from Trabzon and Tabriz.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 1} The above account is based on various despatches in AE, Trébizonde, vols. IV-VI, and Gödel, , op. cit. pp. 2–3.Google Scholar

^{page 20 note 2} ‘Trebizond’, A and P 1870, vol. LXIV.

^{page 21 note 1} Ibid. A and P 1874, vol. LXVII.

^{page 21 note 2} MacGregor, John, Commercial Statistics (London, 1847), vol. II, p. 110.Google Scholar

^{page 21 note 3} AE, Trébizonde, vol. VII, 21 May 1861 and vol. VIII, 27 May 1871.

^{page 21 note 4} France, Moniteur Officiel du Commerce, 9 June 1892, report on Trabzon; see also ‘Trebizond’, A and P 1885, vol. LXXIX.

^{page 21 note 5} AE, Trébizonde, vol. XII.

^{page 21 note 6} ‘Trebizond’, A and P 1874, vol. LXVII.

^{page 21 note 7} Ibid.

^{page 21 note 8} For details see ibid. A and P 1870, vol. LXIV and AE, Trébizonde, vol. VIII, 19 January 1865.

^{page 21 note 9} ‘Erzerum’ A and P 1874, vol. LXVII.

^{page 21 note 10} See complaints by British consuls in Tabriz, 23 November 1841, FO 60/82, I December 1858, FO 60/234, 20 September 1860, FO 60/253, 30 June 1861, FO 60/259 and 7 May 1862, FO 60/271.

^{page 21 note 11} ‘Transit Trade Between Erzurum and Persia’ (in French), A and P 1866, vol. LXXII; see also reports on Erzurum for 1864 and 1865, A and P 1866, vol. LXX.

^{page 22 note 1} ‘Trade of Turkey in Recent Years’, A and P 1874, vol. LXVI.

^{page 22 note 2} ‘Notice on the trade of Georgia by the Port of Redutcale’, 20 December 1823, FO 60/24.

^{page 22 note 3} AE, Trébizonde, vol. VII, 5 June 1862.

^{page 22 note 4} The consul noted, sadly, that the bridge built by Augustus on the Araxes river had fallen in ruin long ago and had never been replaced!

^{page 22 note 5} AE, Tauris, vol. I, 12 June 1868.

^{page 22 note 6} AE, Trébizonde, vol. VIII, 17 March 1868.

^{page 23 note 1} Ibid. 27 December 1871.

^{page 23 note 2} ‘Trade of Turkey’, A and P 1874, vol. LXVI.

^{page 23 note 3} ‘Notice’, op. cit., FO 60/24.

^{page 23 note 4} See Ukaz of 8 October 1821, annexed to ibid.

^{page 23 note 5} See ‘Remarks on the Trade of Tehran’, 27 November 1845, FO 60/107, and ‘Remarks on Trade of Tabriz’, 15 April 1849, FO 60/147.

^{page 23 note 6} Entner, Marvin, Russo-Persian Commercial Relations (Gainesville, Fla., 1965), p. 22.Google Scholar

^{page 23 note 7} Ibid. p. 23 and Abbott to Secretary of State, 26 February 1883, FO 60/457, Finn to Granville, 25 June 1883, FO 60/457 and Finn to Salisbury, 10 October 1885, FO 60/475.

^{page 24 note 1} For details see ‘Gilan’, A and P 1878, vol. LXXIV.

^{page 24 note 2} Quoted in Abbott to Salisbury, 12 June 1878, FO 60/415.

^{page 24 note 3} AE, Trébizonde, vol. 10, 24 March 1883.

^{page 24 note 4} Memorandum on Azarbaijan, 25 September 1885, FO 60/475; for comparison, imports through the Persian Gulf ports of Iran rose from £1,384,000 in 1874/1875 to £2,095,000 in 1900, and exports from £1,075,000 to £1,408,000.

^{page 24 note 5} The same point had been made by the French consul in Trabzon, AE, Trébizonde, vol. x bis, 10 April 1895.

^{page 24 note 6} MacLean, ‘British Trade in Persia’, A and P 1904, vol. xcv, p. 61.Google Scholar

^{page 24 note 7} Entner, p. 24-see sources cited.

^{page 24 note 8} Muhammad, ‘Alī Jamālzādeh, Ganje-i Shaigān (Berlin, 1335 a.h.), p. 7.Google Scholar