¹ Easton, David and Hess, Robert D., “The Child's Political World,” Midwest Journal of Political Science, 6 (1962), 229–46;CrossRefGoogle ScholarDawson, Richard E., Prewitt, Kenneth, and Dawson, Karen S., Political Socialization, 2nd ed. (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1977). pp. 137–70;Google Scholar and Sigel, Roberta S., ed., Learning About Politics (New York: Random House. 1970). pp. 311–74;Google ScholarEaston, David and Dennis, Jack. “The Child's Image of Government,” in Dennis, Jack, ed., Socialization to Politics: A Reader (New York: John Wiley. 1973), pp. 59–81;Google ScholarGreenstein, Fred I., Children and Politics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965);Google Scholar and Andrain, Charles F., Children and Civic Awareness: A Study in Political Education (Columbus.! Oh.: Merrill, 1971).Google Scholar

² Prewitt, Kenneth and Okello-Oculi, Joseph, “Political Socialization and Political Education in the New Nations,” in Sigel, . Learning. pp. 607–21.Google Scholar

³ The procedure is known as judgment sampling. For this and other sampling techniques, see Eckhardt, Kenneth W. and Ermann, M. David, Social Research Methods (New York: Random House, 1977). pp. 157–215.Google Scholar

⁴ On the subject of male-female relations and attitudes in Morocco, see Mernissi, Fatima, Beyond the Veil (New York: Schenkman, 1975);Google ScholarDwyer, Daisy Hilse, Images and Self-Images: Male and Female in Morocco (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978);Google Scholar and ‘Women, Sufism, and Decision-Making in Moroccan Islam”, in Beck, Lois and Keddie, Nikki, eds., Women in the Muslim World (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 585–98;CrossRefGoogle ScholarMaher, Vanessa, Women and Property in Morocco (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974);Google Scholar and “Women and Social Change in Morocco,” in Beck and Keddie, Women, pp. 100–23;Google ScholarDavis, Susan Schaeffer, “Working Women in a Moroccan Village.”Google Scholaribid., pp. 416–33; Lawrence Rosen, “The Negotiation of Reality: Male-Female Relations in Sefrou, Morocco,” ibid., pp. 561–84; Evelyne Accad, “The Theme of Sexual Oppression in the North African Novel,” ibid., pp. 617–28; and, by the same author, Veil of Shame: The Role of Women in the Contemporary Fiction of North Africa and the Arab World (Sherbrooke, Quebec: Editions Naaman, 1978);Google ScholarVinogradov, Amal Rassam, “French Colonialism as Reflected in the Male-Female Interaction in Morocco,” Transaction of the New York Academy of Sciences, 36 (1974), 192–99;CrossRefGoogle ScholarRassam, Amal, “Towards a Theoretical Framework for the Study of Women in the Arab World,” Cultures, 8 (3) (1982), 121–37;Google Scholar and “Women and Domestic Power in Morocco,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 12 (2) (09 1980), 171–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also “Women's Songs from the Berber Mountains of Morocco,” translated by Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, in Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock and Bezirgan, Basima Qattan, eds., Middle Eastern Muslim, Women Speak (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977), pp. 127–34;Google Scholar and Davis, Susan S., “Zahrah Muhammad: A Rural Woman of Morocco,”Google Scholaribid., pp. 201–17.

⁵ This and several other questions in this study were originally used in the Easton and Dennis surveys in the United States. For a report on the major findings from those surveys, see Easton, David and Dennis, Jack, Children in the Political System: Origins of Political Legitimacy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969).Google Scholar

⁶ For a good political study of Morocco, see Waterbury, John, The Commander of the Faithful (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).Google Scholar

⁷ The response rates were 61% for boys and 48% for girls.Google Scholar

⁸ The same situation apparently exists in the area of political participation among university students. See Nedelcovych, Mima Sava. Determinants of Political Participation: A Survey Analysis of Moroccan University Students, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University, 1980, pp. 159–62.Google Scholar

⁹ It is worth noting that the girls who did answer were in every case more likely to state a clear position of liking and/or disliking the individual than the boys, who tended to be neutral in their description of these world leaders.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Recognition of and support for the country flag appears at an early age. See Lawson, Edwin D., Development of Patriotism in Children—A Second Look,” in Sigel, Learning, pp. 321–27;Google Scholar and Horowitz, E. L., “Some Aspects of the Development of Patriotism in Children,” Sociometry, 3 (1941), 329–41. This diffused support begins to decline in upper grades.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹¹ For a discussion on the inability of traditionals to empathize, see Lerner, Daniel, The Passing of Traditional Society (New York: Free Press, 1958).Google Scholar

¹² Similar results were obtained in nine out of ten Arab countries where adults were asked to name “the best people” within the Arab nation. Respondents from each country (except Yemen Arab Republic) more often mentioned themselves than other Arabs. In the case of Moroccan respondents, the top two choices were 22.9% Moroccans, and 21.5% Palestinians. lbrahim, Saad Eddin, lttijahat al-ra⊃iyy, al-'amm al-'Arabi Nahwa Mas⊃alat al-wahda [Arab Public Opinion and the Question of (Arab) Unity] (Beirut, Lebanon: Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1980), pp. 271–72.Google Scholar

¹³ See the conversation reported by Lawrence Rosen in which the girl objects to marry a certain individual because “he lives far away and is always moving and I won't have anyone from my own family nearby.” Rosen, “Negotiation,” p. 572.Google Scholar

¹⁴ In fact, a large number of those who chose Morocco explained their choice by stating simply: “It is my country.”Google Scholar

¹⁵ Ibrahim. Ittijahat, pp. 226–27.Google Scholar

¹⁶ On the Polisario and the Sahara issue, see Price, David L., The Western Sahara (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1979);Google Scholar and Damis, John, Conflict in Northwest Africa: The Western Sahara Dispute (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1983).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Many respondents also rejected belonging to some Western countries because they were Christian–i.e., non-Muslim. The results reinforce the strong Muslim orientation of these Moroccan children. Moroccan adults, like Arabs generally, differentiate between Judaism and Zionism. See Ibrahim, Ittijahat, p. 324,Google Scholar and Suleiman, Michael W., “Attitudes of the Arab Elite Toward Palestine and Israel,” American Political Science Review, 67(2) (06 1973), 482–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ On the subject of Islam in Morocco, see, among the more recent studies, Eickelman, Dale F., Moroccan Islam (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1976);Google ScholarGellner, Ernest, Saints of the Atlas (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969),Google Scholar and Muslim Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981);Google Scholar and Geertz, Clifford, Islam Observed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Arab nationalist sentiment and the desire for Arab unity were not as strong among Moroccan adults as they were among respondents from seven other Arab countries. Nevertheless, over 50% expressed support for some form of unity (Ibrahim, Ittijahat, p. 337).Google Scholar

²⁰ On this difficulty and how it might be overcome, see Benyakhlef, Mustafa, Min ajl ta⊃rib fi al-mustawa (For Quality Arabization) (Rabat, Morocco: Published by Author, n.d.—1980?).Google Scholar See also Geertz, Clifford, Geertz, Hildred, and Rosen, Lawrence, Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1979), especially the tables in the appendix.Google Scholar

²¹ Zartman, I. William, Morocco: Problems of New Power (New York: Atherton Press, 1964), pp. 155–56.Google Scholar

²² According to Davis, the only exception to these women's disinterest in politics is the affection and reverence they express for the former monarch, Mohammad V. See Davis, Susan S., Patience and Power: Women's Lives in a Moroccan Village (Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing Co., 1983), pp. 93. 95.Google Scholar

²³ This question was not asked in Marrakesh.Google Scholar

²⁴ Compared with children in the United States, these Moroccan students appear to have a lower level of perceived political efficacy and a higher level of rebelliousness. See David Easton and Jack Dennis, “The Child's Acquisition of Regime Norms: Political Efficacy,” in Dennis, Socialization, pp. 82–104:Google Scholar and Easton and Dennis, “Child Image,” ibid., pp. 59–81.

²⁵ Apparently, the “poor opinion of the teaching profession” dates back to the 1950s. See Zartman, Morocco, p. 167.Google Scholar

²⁶ Brown, Kenneth L., People of Salé (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1976), p. 99. (Emphasis in original.)Google Scholar

²⁷ For a description of rigid instructional methods in Moroccan elementary schools, see Miller, Gerald D., “Classroom 19: A Study of Behavior in a Classroom of a Moroccan Primary School,” in Brown, L. Carl and ltzkowitz, Norman, eds., Psychological Dimensions of Near Eastern Studies (Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1977), pp. 142–53.Google Scholar

²⁸ Mernissi, Veil, p. xvii.Google Scholar See also Mernissi, Fatima, “Progress of the Contemporary Moroccan Family,” Majallat Killiyyat al-Aadab wa-al-Ulum al-Insaniyya, 2, 187–203, and 3–4, 157–80. (No year indicated; in Arabic.)Google Scholar

²⁹ It should be noted that the data are from Grades 3–5. It may be that girls later become markedly less interested, knowledgeable, and involved. This apparently happens in the United States. See Easton and Dennis, “Child's Acquisition,” Socialization, pp. 101–2.Google Scholar

³⁰ For example, Mernissi, Fatima, “Progress,” tends to emphasize the differences. See also her As-Suluk al-jinsi fi mujtama⊃ islami-ra⊃smali taba⊃i (Sexual Behavior in an Islamic-Capitalist Subservient Society), translated by Azrawil, Fatima-Zobra (Beirut: Dar al-Hadatheh, 1982).Google Scholar