^{page 65 note 1} For an extensive treatment of Ottoman-European economic relations see Puryear, Vernon, International Economics and Diplomacy in the Near East, 1834–1853 (Stanford, 1935).Google Scholar For contemporary views see Hamlin, Cyrus, Among the Turks (London, 1878), pp. 57–60,Google Scholar and portions of Chevallier, Dominique, ‘Western Development and Crisis in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.…,‘ in Polk, William R. and Chambers, Richard L. (eds.), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century (Chicago, 1968), pp. 205–22.Google Scholar

^{page 65 note 2} Even Friedrich List in the 1830s and 1840s, an implacable foe of laissez-faire arguments, had no sympathy for the Ottomans. See, for example, his The National System of Political Economy, trans. Lloyd, S. S. (New York, 1966), pp. 419 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 65 note 3} Seyfi, Ali Riza, ‘Imparatorluk Devrinde Sanayileşme Komedisi’ Cumhuriyet Gazetesi (Istanbul), 31 07, 5 08 1939;Google ScholarSarc, Ömer Celal, ‘Tanzimat ve Sanayiimiz’, Tanzimat (Istanbul, 1940), pp. 423–40.Google Scholar (Also translated in Issawi, Charles (ed.), The Economic History of the Middle East, 1800–1914 (Chicago, 1966), pp. 48–59.)Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 1} Karal, Enver Ziya, Selim III'ün hatt-i Hümayunlari-Nizam-i Cedit, 1789–1807, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlarindan, cilt VII, no. 14. (Ankara, 1946), pp. 61–3.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 2} These are well covered by Shaw, Stanford J., Between Old and New (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), pp. 138–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 66 note 3} Giz, Adnan, ‘Ilk Sinaî Tesislerimiz,’ Istanbul Sanayi Odasi Dergisi (Istanbul), cilt II, no. 23 (01 1968), pp. 25, 26.Google Scholar These were so ornate that later tourists mistook them for converted palaces. See DeKay, James E., Sketches of Turkey in 1831 and 1832 (New York, 1833), pp. 122–4;Google ScholarWalsh, R., A Residence in Constantinople…, vol. 2 (London, 1836), p. 295;Google ScholarWalsh, R., Narrative of a Journal from Constantinople to England (London, 1828), p. 15.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 4} Karal, Enver Ziya, Osmanli Tarihi, cilt VI (Ankara, 1954), p. 241.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 5} DeKay, pp. 118–24.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 6} Pardoe, Julia, The City of the Sultan, vol. 3 (London, 1838), pp. 177–84;Google ScholarSümerbank Aylik Endüstri ve Kültür Dergisi (Istanbul), cilt i, no. I (July 1961), p. 24.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 7} Boue, Ami, La Turquie d'Europe, vol. 3 (Paris, 1840), pp. 100–2;Google ScholarBirliği, Odalar, Türkiye'de Pamuk Ipliği ve Pamuklu Dokuma Mensucat Sanayii (Ankara, 1958), pp. 4–9.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 8} Reid, John, Turkey and the Turks (London, 1840), pp. 272–6.Google Scholar

^{page 66 note 9} As one example, Selim III's plan for a new weaving mill at Azadli was dropped upon Selim's deposition (see Boutros-Ghali, Anna Naguib, Les Dadian, trans. Alboyadjian, Archag (Cairo, 1965), p. 91).Google Scholar

^{page 67 note 1} MacFarlane, Charles, Turkey and Its Destiny, vol. 2 (London, 1850), pp. 603–8. Although generally unsympathetic with Ottoman efforts to industrialize, MacFarlane in 1847–8 personally visited most factories in the Istanbul-Izmit-Bursa areas. His factual reports of location, size, workers, equipment and production have proved accurate where comparative data is available. See vols. I, II, passim.Google Scholar

^{page 67 note 2} MacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 219 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 1} Ubicini, A., Letters on Turkey, trans. Easthope, Lady, vol. 2 (London, 1856), p. 324;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. I, pp. 60 ff., vol. II, pp. 606 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 2} MacFarlane, vol. ii, p. 220.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 3} MacFarlane, vol. I, p. 58.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 4} Public Record Office, London, Foreign Office Archives (hereafter referred to as FO) 195/208, Sandison to Canning, Bursa, 9 December 1843;Google ScholarJournal de Constantinople et des intérêts orientales (Istanbul; hereafter JC), Nov. 1843, p. 2;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 450 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 5} The cotton machinery was transferred to Istanbul. See Alageyik, Ömer, ‘Türkiye'de Mensucat Sanayiinin Tarihçesi’, Istanbul Sanayi Odasi: Dergisi, cilt II, no. 16 (06 1967), p. 9;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 461 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 6} JC, 26 Oct. 1844, p. 1, and 11 Feb. 1845, pp. 1, 2 MacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 223 ff., 612, 615 Ubicini, vol. II, pp. 342 f.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 7} FO 78/532, Sandison to Aberdeen, Bursa, 8 Feb. 1843;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. I, pp. 511 ff. The former report notes 3,600 sheep, but MacFarlane hears of more.Google Scholar

^{page 68 note 8} FO 195/290, Carr to Canning, Büyükdere, 30 Oct. 1848;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. I, pp. 59 ff., vol. II, pp. 629 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 1} Dalsar, Fahri, Bursa'da Ipekçilik (Istanbul, 1960), Pp. 405 ff.;Google ScholarMoutal, S., L'Avenir economique de la Turquie nouvelle (Paris, 1925), pp. 160, 161.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 2} Boutros-Ghali, p. 79.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 3} Alageyik, p. 9.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 4} Archives des Affaires Etrangères, Paris, Division Commerciale, Bourgueney to Guizot, Constantinople, 6 Jan. 1844 JC, 1 Dec. 1843.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 5} JC, 6 June 1844, p. 2;Google ScholarUbicini, vol. II, p. 342.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 6} JC, 6 Feb. 1848 p. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 7} FO 78/532, Sandison to Aberdeen, Bursa, 8 Feb. 1843.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 8} JC, 26 June 1844, p. 2;Google ScholarUbicini, vol. II, p. 343.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 9} FO 195/206, Canning to Minister for Foreign Affairs, Constantinople, 2 Cemazielahir 1258.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 10} Boutros-Ghali, p. 105.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 11} Smyth, Warrington W., A Year with the Turks (London, 1854), pp. 87, 104, 156, 157.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 12} FO 78/611, Cartwright to Aberdeen, Constantinople, 22 Feb. 1845;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 464, 608 f., 623 f.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 13} MacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 436, 455.Google Scholar

^{page 69 note 14} Shaw, p. 140.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 1} FO 195/289, Pisani to Canning, Pera, 9 July 1849.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 2} Smyth, pp. 156, 157;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 456, 461;Google Scholar FO 195/289, Dadian to Canning, Barouthane, 10 Aug. 1848.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 3} MacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 451, 464ff.;Google ScholarPardoe, vol. III, pp. 177–84.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 4} Mordtmann, A. D. (ed. Babinger, Franz), Anatolien (Skizzen und Reisebriefe aus Kleinasien, 1850–1859 (Hanover, 1925), p. 296;Google ScholarPardoe, vol. III, pp. 177–84;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. II, p. 466.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 5} Great Britain, Foreign Office, Reports … Respecting Factories for Spinning and Weaving of Textile Fabrics Abroad (London, 1873), pp. 183 f.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 6} Full name: Mahdeci Dad Arakel Amira Zadaian. Boutros-Ghali, pp. 42, 89–92;Google ScholarUbicini, vol. II, p. 317 (where Dad is given erroneously as Dael);Google Scholar Shaw refers to him as Efendi, Erakil, p. 144.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 7} Boutros-Ghali, p. 102.Google Scholar

^{page 70 note 8} Boutros-Ghali, p. 102.Ibid. pp. 100–2, 119.

^{page 71 note 2} FO 78/532, Sandison to Aberdeen, Bursa, 18 Feb. 1843;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 220, 451, 616.Google Scholar

^{page 71 note 3} JC, 21 Oct. 1843, p. 2, and 21 Feb. 1848, p. 3;Google ScholarBoutros-Ghali, pp. 79, 80, 102.Google Scholar

^{page 71 note 4} JC, I Aug. 1844, pp. 1f.Google Scholar

^{page 71 note 5} FO 195/329, Hensman to Dadian, Istanbul, 14 Nov. 1848;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 473, 599, 607.Google Scholar

^{page 71 note 6} The most complete analysis of the background of this convention is to be found in Puryear, esp. pp. 117 ff. Text in Issawi, Economic History, pp. 39, 40.Google Scholar

^{page 72 note 1} For a brief description of Muhammad Ali's industrial-commercial system, see al-Giritli, Ali, Tarikh al-sina'a fi Misr (Cairo, [1952]), pp. 40–51, 97–104, 141–50, translated and reproduced in Issawi, Economic History, pp. 390–402.Google Scholar

^{page 72 note 2} Text of ferman in Hurewitz, J. C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, vol. 1 (Princeton, 1956), pp. 121–3;Google ScholarDodwell, Henry, The Founder of Modern Egypt (Cambridge, England, 1931), pp. 191, 226;Google ScholarAnderson, M. S., The Eastern Question, 1774–1923 (London, 1966), pp. 104 f.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 72 note 3} Issawi, Charles, ‘Egypt since 1800: A Study in Lopsided Development’, Journal of Economic History, 21 (1961), pp. 1–25 (reprinted in Issawi, Economic History, p. 363).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 73 note 1} MacFarlane, pp. 466 f.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 2} Ubicini, vol. II p. 343.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 3} JC, 6 March 1845.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 4} FO 78/611, Cartwright to Aberdeen, Constantinople, 22 February 1845.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 5} The Paris revolution of February 1848 was the cause of alarm in capitals as far east as Istanbul. A new grand vezir, Sarim Paşa, reportedly tightened control of Ottoman finances, including those associated with the new industries. MacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 599 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 6} FO 195/329, Dadian to Hensman, Istanbul, 13 Nov. 1848.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 7} The Times (London), 23 Jan. 1850, p. 6. The Dadians apparently regained their personal properties since the family remained prosperous and several individuals were prominent in Porte affairs until the mid-1890s. They continued to hold the title and functions of barutcu başi until sometime between 1870 and 1889. See Boutros-Ghali, pp. 102–24.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 8} MacFarlane, vol. II, p. 611.Google Scholar For an analysis of the effect of European loans, see Blaisdell, Donald C., European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire (New York, 1929), passim.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 9} Boutros-Ghali, p. 105.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 10} Viquesnel, Auguste, Voyage dans la Turquie d'Europe (Paris, 1868), vol. 1, p. 295.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 11} MacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 619, 629ff.Google Scholar

^{page 73 note 12} MacFarlane, vol. I, pp. 512ff.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 1} FO 195/290, Carr to Canning, Büyukdere, 20 Oct. 1848;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. II, pp. 227, 611f., 628ff.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 2} Great Britain, Foreign Office, Reports, p. 187;Google ScholarHamlin, pp. 57, 58;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. II, p. 624 and passim.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 3} FO 78/598, Canning to Aberdeen, Constantinople, 21 June 1845;Google ScholarFO 195/208, Sandison to Canning, Bursa, 9 Dec. 1843;Google ScholarMacFarlane, vol. I, pp. 222 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 4} DeKay, p. 120. This observation dates from the early 1830s, but there is no evidence for a basic change in either government policy or foreigners' attitudes by the late 1840s.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 5} For example, Charles Hensman, an English engineer working under the Dadians, was earning 3,210 piasters per month (approximately £27 Stlg.) in 1848: FO 195/329, Cumberbatch to Canning, Constantinople, 25 Jan. 1849. The American agricultural expert and his helpers were hired for a lump sum equivalent to $9,000 per year: FO 195/190, Carr to Canning, Büyükdere, 20 Oct. 1848.Google Scholar

^{page 74 note 6} The Times, 29 Jan. 1845, p. 6;Google Scholar MacFarlane, vols. I, II, passim. For more moderate views of ‘jobbery’ see Hamlin, pp. 57–60, and JC, II Feb. 1845, p. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 1} Regular five-day summaries of the Sultan's activities in JC indicate that Abdülmecid visited even the nearest factories no more than once per year during the period 1843–8.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 2} For Selim III's surreptitious visits, see Karal, Selim III, pp. 61–3.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 3} MacFarlane, vol. II p. 620f.Google Scholar

^{page 75 note 4} MacFarlane, vol. II p. 620f.Ibid. p. 453.

^{page 75 note 6} Alageyik, p. 9.Google Scholar

^{page 76 note 1} Hershiag, Z. Y., Turkey, the Challenge of Growth (Leiden, 1968), p. 91; interview data collected by the writer in Turkey, February 1967 to March 1968.Google Scholar