Author's note: I thank the following people whose comments, questions, and corrections were crucial to improving this article: the anonymous IJMES reviewers, Michael Cook, Cyrus Schayegh, Muriam Haleh Davis, Marius Hentea, Kate Epstein, William Blair, and Nilüfer Hatemi. This article was written with the support of Princeton University and the École française de Rome. I presented an earlier version of it at the History Department Colloquium convened by Laura Lee Downs and Luca Molà in December 2015 at the European University Institute (Florence).

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³⁵ Toledano, “The Emergence of Ottoman-Local Elites,” 155.

³⁶ Brunschvig, La Berbérie orientale, 1:440–69, 2:48.

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⁴⁶ TSA, reg. 27.

⁴⁷ TSA, reg. 85.

⁴⁸ TSA, reg. 143, f. 71, 1764 (1178); reg. 239, f. 83, 28 August 1785 (22 shawwāl 1199); reg. 3638, f. 6–9, 1804–9 (1229–24); reg. 3712, f. 5–8, 1882–83 (1300).

⁴⁹ TSA, reg. 180, f. 78, August–September 1772 (jumādā II 1186); TSA, reg. 427, f. 27, June–July 1824 (dhu al-qaʿda 1239).

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⁵⁷ Zilfi, Women and Slavery, 213, 235.

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⁶⁰ Ze'evi, “Kul and Getting Cooler,” 185.

⁶¹ Crecelius, “The Mamluk Beylicate,” 135–38.

⁶² Toledano, As If Silent, 29; Erdem, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire, 44–54.

⁶³ TSA, reg. 85, f. 162, September/October 1766 (rabīʿ al-thānī 1180); reg. 406, f. 93, 1 January 1817 (12 ṣafar 1232); TSA, reg. 50, f. 61, January–February 1748 (ṣafar 1161); Abi al-Diyaf, Ahmad ibn (hereafter Diyaf), Ithaf Ahl al-Zaman bi-Akhbar Muluk Tunis wa-ʿAhd al-Aman, 8 vols. (Tunis: Dar al-Tunisiyya li-l-nashr, 1989), 3:128Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ Consul Devoize to French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 14 July 1806, f. 171, consular correspondence, French consulate in Tunis, Commercial Correspondence, vol. 38, Archives of French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Paris.

⁶⁵ Findley, Carter Vaughn, Ottoman Civil Officialdom: A Social History (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989), 46–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 62. There is no specific study for the Tunisian case.

⁶⁶ Muhammad Khaznadar to Shakir Sahib al-Tabiʿ, Tunis, 5 July 1832 (6 ṣafar 1248), document 2, file 92, box 9, History Series (hereafter HS), TSA.

⁶⁷ Farhat al-Mamluk to Mustafa Khaznadar, Tunis, 30 April 1839 (15 ṣafar 1255), document 17, file 209, box 142, HS, TSA.

⁶⁸ Al-Sadiq ibn ʿUthman al-Kaʿk al-Sharif to Ismaʿil Sahib al-Tabiʿ, Tunis, September/October 1863, document 56, 17, file 867, box 73, HS, TSA.

⁶⁹ In the 17th century, Dinar wrote al-Muʾnis. In the second half of the 18th century, Hammuda ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz authored Tarikh al-Bashi (Tunis: Maison Tunisienne de l'Edition, 1970). For the 19th century, I would cite three major chronicles: al-Tunisi, Muhammad ibn Salama, al-ʿIqd al-Munaddad fi Akhbar al-Mushir Ahmad, Tunisian National Library, ms. 18618, 1849Google Scholar; Muhammad al-Baji al-Masʿudi, al-Khulasa al-Naqiyya fi Umaraʾ Ifriqiya (Tunis, 1905); and Diyaf, Ithaf Ahl al-Zaman.

⁷⁰ Ulrich Haarman, “Joseph's Law—The Careers and Activities of Mamluk Descendants before the Ottoman Conquest of Egypt,” in The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society, 81.

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⁷³ Diyaf, Ithaf Ahl al-Zaman, 3:22–23; Salama al-Tunisi, al-ʿIqd al-Munaddad, f. 37.

⁷⁴ Toledano, “Late Ottoman Concepts,” 501; Ennaji, Soldats, Domestiques, 152–53.

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⁷⁷ Ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, Tarikh al-Bashi, 1:363; al-Baji al-Masʿudi, al-Khulasa, 135.

⁷⁸ Diyaf, Ithaf Ahl al-Zaman, 7:29, 89, 113, 130.

⁷⁹ Raymond, André and Kchir, Khaled, trans. and eds., Présent aux hommes de notre temps: Chronique des rois de Tunis et du pacte fondamental. Chapitre VI et V: Règne de Husaïn Bey et Mustafa Bey (Tunis: IRMC-ISHMN and Alif, 1994), 1:74Google Scholar.

⁸⁰ Reuven Amitai, “The Mamluk Institution, or One Thousand Years of Military Slavery in the Islamic World,” in Arming Slaves, 68.

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⁸³ Toledano, “Late Ottoman Concepts,” 483; Ennaji, Soldats, Domestiques, 143–44.

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⁸⁹ James Amelang, “Writing Chains: Slave Autobiography from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic,” in Mediterranean Slavery Revisited, 549–51.

⁹⁰ Grandchamp, “Un mameluk tunisien,” 472.