^{page 40 note 2} Cf. Goode, W. J., World Revolution and Family Patterns (New York, 1963), p. 89;Google Scholar Berger, M., The Arab World Today (New York, 1962), pp. 100–1.Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 3} Fares, B., L'Honneur chez les Arabes avant l'Islam (Paris, 1932).Google Scholar

^{page 40 note 4} Fares, B., ‘'Ird’, in Supplement to the Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden, 1938), pp. 96–7.Google Scholar

^{page 41 note 1} Lane, E. W., An Arabic–English Lexicon (London, 1874), book I, part 5, p- 2007.Google Scholar

^{page 41 note 2} Hava, J., An Arabic–English Dictionary (Beirut, 1951).Google Scholar

^{page 41 note 3} Wehr, H., A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, ed. by Cowan, J. M. (Ithaca, New York, 1961).Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 1} Abou-Zeid, A., ‘Honor and Shame Among the Bedouins of Egypt’, in Peristiany, J. G. (ed.), Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society (London, 1965), PP. 256–7. The statements by Abou-Zeid and the other ethnographic materials are selected to represent recent research, and so to illustrate the continuing importance of 'ird in contemporary society. It must be conceded that some recent ethnographies do not describe 'ird. Such omissions are probably due to limitations of the ethnographic method rather than the absence of 'ird.Google Scholar

^{page 42 note 2} Antoun, R., ‘On the Modesty of Women in Arab Muslim Villages’, American Anthropologist, vol. 70 (1968), p. 672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 43 note 1} Ibid. pp. 684–5.

^{page 43 note 2} Barclay, H., Buurri al Lamaab: A Suburban Village in the Sudan (Ithaca, New York, 1964), PP. 51–2.Google Scholar

^{page 43 note 3} Dodd, P. and Barakat, H., River Without Bridges: A Study of the Exodus of the 1967 Palestinian Refugees (Beirut, 1969), p. 46.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 1} P. Gubser, personal communication.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 2} This paper touches only peripherally on the enforcement of the norms supporting honor. A study of the enforcement of these norms should begin with a compilation of ‘honor crimes’, as reported in newspapers and recorded in police dossiers. The enforcer is often the woman's brother, and it is my impression that he is urged on by the older women of the family.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 3} 'Abd-el-Baqi, M., Il-Mu'jam il-mufahras li-lafz il-qur'ân il-karîm (Concordance for the Holy Koran) (Cairo, A.H. 1378, A.D. 1959), pp. 457–8. B. Fares, ‘'Ird’, op. cit. p. 96.Google Scholar

^{page 44 note 4} Campbell, J. K., Honour, Family and Patronage (London, 1964);Google Scholar also his ‘Honour and the Devil’, in Peristiany, J. G. (ed.), Honour and Shame: the Values of Mediterranean Society (London, 1965).Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 1} Fares, B., ‘'Ird’, op. cit. p. 97.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 2} Antoun, R., ‘On the Modesty of Women…’, loc. cit. p. 675.Google Scholar

^{page 45 note 3} This point would appear to demarcate a society valuing 'ird from a society valuing machismo, the sexual prowess of the male. The conquests, boasting, and public behavior of Don Juan have few parallels in Arab literature or in Arab social reality.Google Scholar

^{page 46 note 1} Peristiany, J. D., Honor and Shame…, p. 11.Google Scholar

^{page 46 note 2} Lerner, D., The Passing of Traditional Society (Glencoe, Illinois, 1958);Google Scholar M. Berger, The Arab World Today;Google Scholar Polk, W., ‘The Nature of Modernization’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 64 (1965), pp. 100–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 47 note 1} Inkeles, A., ‘Making Men Modern: On the Causes and Consequences of Individual Change in Six Developing Countries’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 75 (1969), pp. 208–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 47 note 2} Goode, World Revolution…, p. 21.Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 3} Issawi, C., ‘Economic Change and Urbanization in the Middle East’, in Lapidus, I. (ed.), Middle Eastern Cities (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1969).Google Scholar

^{page 47 note 4} Wirth, L., ‘Urbanism as a Way of Life’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 64 (1938), pp. 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 48 note 1} Gans, H., The Urban Villagers (Glencoe, Illinois, 1962).Google Scholar

^{page 48 note 2} Abu-Lughod, J., ‘Migrant Adjustment to City Life: The Egyptian Case’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 67 (1961), pp. 22–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 48 note 3} Gulick, J., Tripoli: A Modern Arab City (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), pp. 119, 190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 48 note 4} For a description and references, see Lapidus, I., Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), pp. 85–6. He remarks that ‘many of the quartes, though not every one…were closely knit and homogeneous communities’.Google Scholar

^{page 49 note 1} Personal observation, 1970.Google Scholar

^{page 50 note 1} Schultz, T. P., Fertility Patterns and their Determinants in the Arab Middle East (Santa Monica, California: the RAND Corporation, 1970, Document RM-5978-ff.), pp. 18–23.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 1} Gordon, D., Women of Algeria: An Essay on Change (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), p. 82. Also pp. 51–60, for the activities of women in the resistance.Google Scholar

^{page 51 note 2} Francos, A., Les Palestiniens (Paris, 1968), pp. 267–9.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 1} For the Constitution, see Pace, U. and Sisto, V., Repertoire permanente de la legislation égyptienne (Alexandria, 1959), title 11, 19. The quotation is from section 7 of the Draft of the Charter (Cairo, Department of Information, 1962), p. 63.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 2} Mansfield, P., Nasser's Egypt (London, rev. ed. 1968), pp. 133–5.Google Scholar

^{page 52 note 3} See Goode, World Revolution…, p. 149; Berger, op. cit. p. 131.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 1} These estimates are based on the following sources: for the number of girls in each age group, 1960 Census of Population (Cairo, 1963), table VIII; for the school enrollments, ilmufakkirail-ihsa'iyya (Statistical Notebook) (Cairo, Ministry of Education, 1966), pp. 2–3.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 2} Abu-Lughod, J., ‘The Emergence of Differential Fertility in Urban Egypt’, The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, vol. 63 (1965), p. 240.Google Scholar

^{page 53 note 3} Dodd, P., ‘Youth and Women's Emancipation in the United Arab Republic’, Middle East Journal, vol. 22 (1968), pp. 159–72.Google Scholar