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The Ethnic Revolution and Political Integration in The Middle East

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Iliya F. Harik
Iliya F. Harik
Affiliation:
University of IndianaBloomington, Indiana
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Extract

The continuing tensions between ethnic groups and nationalism of the dominant population since independence have attracted world attention to the fact that in the Middle East serious ethnic problems exist regardless of the strong integrative character of the Islamic religion and culture. For centuries Islam has had the effect of moderating if not, obliterating racial differences among the peoples of the Middle East. However, although race is not a social problem in Muslim countries, ethnic differences are.

Type
Articles
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 3 , Issue 3 , July 1972 , pp. 303 - 323
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1972

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References

page 303 note 1 Albert, Hourani, A Vision of History: Near Eastern and Other Essays (Beirut: Khayats, 1961), pp. 72–3.Google Scholar

page 304 note 1 Carleton, Coon, Caravan: The Story of the Middle East (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964), pp. 3, 162.Google Scholar

page 305 note 1 Coon, , Caravan, p. 3.Google Scholar

page 306 note 1 Ibid. p. 5.

page 306 note 2 Hourani, , A Vision of History, pp. 78–9.Google Scholar

page 307 note 1 Hourani, ibid. p. 74.

page 308 note 1 For a discussion of the cross-cutting relations between ethnic and class consciousness see the conclusion to my book, Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon, 1711–1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968).

page 308 note 2 Karl, W. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communications (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1953), p. 62.Google Scholar

page 309 note 1 Ibid. p. 286.

page 309 note 2 Ibid.

page 312 note 1 For a discussion of this problem in developing countries see Leonard, Binder, ‘National Integration and Political Development’, American Political Science Review, vol. 58 (09 1964), pp. 622–31.Google Scholar

page 315 note 1 For a full discussion see Levon, H. Melilcian and Lutfy, N. Diab, ‘Group Affiliations of University Students in the Arab Middle East’, The Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 49 (1959), pp. 145–59.Google Scholar

page 316 note 1 On the making of the Lebanese constitution the reader will find the article written by Pierre Rondot most enlightening. See Pierre, Rondot, ‘The Political Institutions of Lebanese Democracy’, in Binder, Leonard (ed.), Politics in Lebanon (New York: John Wiley, 1966), pp. 130–1.Google Scholar

page 318 note 1 See, for instance, Frederick, Frey, The Turkish Political Elite (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press, 1965), pp. 187–192.Google Scholar Also Lester, G. Seligman, Leadership in a New Nation (New York: Atherton Press, 1964)Google Scholar. Based on figures given by Michael, Hudson is a most interesting article, ‘The Electoral Process and Political Development in Lebanon’, Middle East Journal, vol. 20 (Spring, 1966), p. 176.Google Scholar

page 320 note 2 Ibid. p. 176.

page 321 note 1 Ibid. p. 178.