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The Egyptian Mind and the Idea of Democracy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Sami A. Hanna
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Extract

In 1795, i.e. three years before Napoleon's arrival in Egypt, Egyptian opposition to the Ottoman Wâlï and the Mamlûks brought the country almost to what might be described as a popular movement of resistance. This was climaxed in a dramatic incident in which the leaders of the Azhâr and the masses were able to secure a rare hujja from the Wâlï and the two Mamlûk leaders, Murâd Bek and Ibrâhïm Bek, which can be considered the first ‘legal document’ Egypt ever had known in its constitutional history.

Type
Articles
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 1 , Issue 3 , July 1970 , pp. 238 - 247
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1970

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References

page 239 note 1 ‘Abd, al-Rahman al-Jabartï, ‘Ajâ'ib at-Âthâr fï al-Tarâjim wal-Akhbâr, edited by Hasan, M. Jawhar et al., vol. IV (Cairo, 1965), pp. 255–7.Google Scholar

page 240 note 1 Al-Jabartï, , op. cit. pp. 228–91.Google Scholar

page 240 note 2 al-Rafi'ï, , Tâ' rïkh al-Harakat al-Qawmiyya (Cairo, 1929), vol. I, p. 89.Google Scholar

page 241 note 1 Now the heart of Cairo city. Al-Jabartï, , loc. cit. p. 301.Google Scholar

page 241 note 2 Ibid. p. 324.

page 242 note 1 Ibid. pp. 325, 326.

page 242 note 2 Herold, J. Christopher, Bonaparte in Egypt (New York, 1962), p. 180.Google Scholar

page 242 note 3 Ibid. p. 181.

page 243 note 1 Al-Jabartï, , op. cit. vol. v, p. 4 ff.Google Scholar

page 243 note 2 Ibid. p. 5.

page 243 note 3 Al-Rafi'ï, , Tâ'rïkh al-Harakat al-Qawmiyya (Cairo, 1929), vol. II, p. 10.Google Scholar

page 244 note 1 Al-Jabartï, , op. cit. vol. v, p. 273.Google Scholar

page 244 note 2 Ibid. p. 280.

page 244 note 3 Ibid. p. 284.

page 244 note 4 Al-Rafi'ï, , op. cit. vol. II, pp. 44–5.Google Scholar

page 245 note 1 Mounted Cavalry of the private army of the governor.

page 246 note 1 Al-Jabartï, , op. cit. vol. VI, pp. 218–21.Google Scholar

page 246 note 2 Ibid. p. 223.

page 246 note 3 Muhammad ‘Ali's acceptance of the draft to become Wâlï.

page 246 note 4 Al-Jabartï means 'Umar Makram, who wrote the text of the above portion of the letter he sent Muhammad 'Alï.

page 246 note 5 Ibid. p. 329.