Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T08:30:09.378Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Toward the Study of the Psychodynamics of Mothering and Gender in Egyptian Families

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2009

Mervat Hatem
Mervat Hatem
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science Howard University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Feminist interest in the social origins and the emotional/psychological development of gender roles has led to a new theoretical debate on the critical importance of mothering. The feminist contribution in this area lies in the formulation of a successful theoretical synthesis of Marxist and psychoanalytic insights to explain the development of gendered roles and personalities in contemporary capitalist society. In contrast to conventional Freudian approaches, which posit the universality of the psychological/emotional processes by which the self is developed, the feminist critics emphasize the historically (and socially) specific nature of the family, mothering patterns, and the way such patterns influence the development of gendered personalities in the West.

Type
Articles
Information
International Journal of Middle East Studies , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , August 1987 , pp. 287 - 305
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

NOTES

1 Chodorow, Nancy, The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978), Introduction.Google Scholar

2 Hartmann, Heidi, “The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union,” in Sargeant, Lydia, ed., Women and Revolution (Boston: West End Press, 1981), p. 23.Google Scholar

3 Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering, p. 4.Google Scholar

4 Ibid., p. 40.

5 Ibid., p. 57.

6 Dinnerstein, Dorothy, The Mermaid and the Minotaur (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1976), p. 4;Google ScholarFlax, Jane, “The Conflict between Nurturance and Autonomy in Mother-Daughter Relationships and Within Feminism,” Feminist Studies, 4, 2 (06 1978), 173–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Chodorow, Nancy, “Being and Doing: A Cross Cultural Examination of the Socialization of Males and Female,” in Gornick, Vivian and Moran, Barbara, eds., Women in Sexist Society: Studies in Power and Powerlessness (New York: Basic Books, 1971), pp. 259–91;Google ScholarChodorow, Nancy, “Family Structure and Feminine Personality” in Rosaldo, Michelle and Lamphere, Louise, eds., Women, Culture and Society (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974), pp. 43–66.Google Scholar

8 Sharabi, Hisham, Muqaddima li-dirasat almujtama' al-' Arabi (Beirut: al-Ahliyya lil Nashr wa-al Tawzi'a, 1977);Google ScholarBarakat, Halim, “Socio-Economic, Cultural and Personality Forces Determining Development in Arab Society,” in Hopkins, Anthony and Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, eds., Arab Society in Transition: A Reader (Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1970), pp. 665–87;Google Scholar“The Arab Family and the Challenge of Social Transformation,” in Fernea, Elizabeth, ed., Women and the Family in the Middle East (Austin: Texas University Press, 1984), pp. 27–48.Google Scholar

9 Malek, Anouar Abdel, Egypt: Military Society (New York: Vintage Books, 1969), ch. 1.Google Scholar

10 Hussein, Mahmud, Class Conflict in Egypt: 1945–70 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973).Google Scholar

11 Waterbury, John, The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), ch. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

12 Ibid., p. 43.

13 Ikram, Khalid, Egypt: Economic Management in a Period of Transition (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p. 142.Google Scholar

14 al-Sa'ati, Samia, “Dinamiyyat al-usra al-rifiyya wa-al-tanmiya,” in Proceedings of the International Seminar on Rural Women and Development (Cairo: Ain Shams University Press, 1980), p. 140.Google Scholar

15 Ibid., pp. 140–141.

16 al-Shinawi, Hoda, “al-Tanshi'a al-ijtima'iyya fi al-qarya aI-misriyya,” National Review of Social Sciences, 18, 3 (09 1981), 140.Google Scholar

17 Ibid.

18 Qadir, Mahmud Abdel, “al-Taghayur al-ijtima'i al-lathi tar'a 'ala al-usra al-misriyya al-haditha,” The National Review of the Social Sciences, 8, 1 (01 1971), 54.Google Scholar

19 Ibid.

20 Fernea, Elizabeth, ed., Women and the Family in the Middle East (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), Part IV.Google Scholar

21 Rugh, Andrea, “Conceptual Considerations in Development: Women and Work in Bulaq,” in Proceedings of the International Seminar on Rural Women and Development (Cairo: Ain Shams University Press, 1980), pp. 44–45.Google Scholar

22 Al-Sa'ati, pp. 143–44.Google Scholar

23 El-Shamy, Hasan, Folktales of Egypt (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1980), 29.Google Scholar

24 Murcos, Wadad, Ilijahat al-'imala al-nisa'iyya fi Misr, 1960–1976 (Cairo: al-Markaz al-Qawmi lil-Buhuth al-ljtima'yya wa-al-Jina'iyya, 1978).Google Scholar

25 Al-Ahram (28 April, 1984), 13.Google Scholar

26 Korayem, Karima, “Women and the New International Economic Order in the Arab World,” Cairo Papers in the Social Sciences, 4, 4 (12 1981), 73.Google Scholar

27 Papanek, Hanna and Ibrahim, Barbara, “Economic Participation of Egyptian Women: Implications for Labor Force Creation and Industrial Policy,” U.S. AID Report (05 1982), p. 92.Google Scholar

28 Ibrahim, Barbara, “Cairo's Factory Women,” in Fernea, Elizabeth, ed., Women and the Family in the Middle East (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), p. 294.Google Scholar

29 Al-Sa'ati, pp. 140–41.Google Scholar

30 Ibid., pp. 143–44.

31 Mohsen, Safia, “New Images, Old Reflections: Working Middle Class Women in Egypt,” in Fernea, Elizabeth, ed., Women and the Family in the Middle East (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), pp. 66, 70.Google Scholar

32 Radwan, Zeinab, Dhahirar al-hijab bayn al-jam'iyyat (Cairo: al-Qawmi lil-Buuth al-Ijtima'iyya wa-al-Jina'iyya, 1982), p. 95.Google Scholar

33 Ibid., pp. 99–101.

34 Saunders, Luci Woods, “Umm Ahmed: Mother in Egypt,” in Fernea, Elizabeth and Bezirgan, Basima, eds., Middle Eastern Muslim Women Speak (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977), pp. 221–25;Google ScholarRugh, Andrea, “Women and Work: Strategies and Choices in a Lower Class Quarter of Cairo,” in Fernea, Elizabeth, ed., Women and the Family in the Middle East (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), pp. 273–88.Google Scholar

35 Mohsen, p. 67.Google Scholar

36 Mohammed, Mahmud Abdel Qadir'Ali and llham 'Afifi, “al-Asalib al-sha'iyya lil-tansh'at al-ijtima'iyya fi al-rif al-Misri,” The National Review of the Social Sciences, 12 (01 1975), 3–60.Google Scholar

37 Ibid., p. 45.

38 Ibid., p. 30.

39 Ibid.

40 Ibid., p. 33.

41 Ibid.

42 Ibid.

43 Ibid., pp. 36–37.

44 Ibid.

45 Ibid., p. 53.

46 Ibid.

47 Ibid.

48 Ammar, Hamed, Growing Up in an Egyptian Village (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954), pp. 94–95;Google ScholarGadalla, Saad, “Influence of Reproduction Norms on Family Size and Fertility Behavior in Rural Egypt,” in Hopkins, Anthony and Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, eds., Arab Society in Transition: A Reader (Cairo: American University in Cairo, 1977), P. 337.Google Scholar

49 Gadalla, p. 337.Google Scholar

50 Ammar, p. 94.Google Scholar

51 Ibid., p. 93.

52 Ammar, p. 101.Google Scholar

53 'Ali and 'Afifi p. 19.Google Scholar

54 Ibid., p. 21.

55 Ibid., p. 22.

56 Ibid.

57 Ibid., p. 20.

58 Ibid., pp. 41, 43.

59 Gadalla, p. 337.Google Scholar

60 'cAli and 'Afifi, p. 40.Google Scholar

61 Ibid., p. 41.

62 Ibid.

63 Walker, Alice, The Color Purple (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982);Google ScholarFrench, Marilyn, The Bleeding Heart (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980).Google Scholar

64 Barakat, “Socio-Economic, Cultural and Personality Forces,” p. 679;Google ScholarSharabi, p. 31.Google Scholar

65 Ammar, pp. 30, 54.Google Scholar

66 Assaad, Marie Bassili, Female Circumcision in Egypt: Current Research and Social Implications (The American Social Research Center in Cairo, 1979), p. 8.Google Scholar

67 Ammar, 116.Google Scholar

68 Ibid.

69 Ibid.

70 Salah Jahin's operetta, al-Layla al-kabira describes it in those terms.Google Scholar

71 Ammar, 116;Google ScholarNadim, Nawal al-Messiri, Rural Health Care In Egypt (Ottawa: International Development Research Center, 1980), pp. 30–31.Google Scholar

72 Ammar, p. 280.Google Scholar

73 Surat al-bakra, verse 158; Surat Ibrahim, verse 36.Google Scholar

74 Ammar, p. 30.Google Scholar

75 Ibid.

76 Ibid.

77 Ibid., p. 52.

78 Ibid., p. 54.

79 Ibid.

80 El-Saadawi, Nawal, al-Mar'a wa-al-sir'a al-nafsi (Beirut: al-Mu'assasa al-'Arabiyya lil-Dirasat wa-al-Nashr, 1977), p. 133.Google Scholar

81 Ibid., p. 20.

82 Ibid., pp. 65–66.

83 Ibid.

84 Assaad, p. 6.Google Scholar

85 Ibid., pp. 29, 41.

86 Ammar, p. 118;Google ScholarAssaad, pp. 29, 41.Google Scholar

87 Assaad, p. 23.Google Scholar

88 El-Saadawi, p. 9;Google ScholarAssaad, pp. 30–31, 35.Google Scholar

89 Ibid.

90 El-Messiri, Sawsan, Ibn al-balad (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978), pp. 90–92.Google Scholar

91 Ibid.

92 Ibid.

93 Articles by Mohsen, Rugh, Early, and Ibrahim, in Fernea, Elizabeth, ed., Women and the Family in the Middle East (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984).Google Scholar

94 Sabbah, Fatna A., Women in the Muslim Unconscious (New York: Pergamon Press, 1984), ch. 3.Google Scholar

95 Saunders, “Umm Ahmed: A Village Mother,” pp. 219–32;Google ScholarMorsy, Soheir, “Sex Differences and Folk Illness in an Egyptian Village,” in Beck, Lois and Keddie, Nikki, eds., Women in the Muslim World (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 599–617.Google Scholar

96 Mernissi, Fatima, Beyond the Veil (New York: John Wiley and Son, 1975), ch. 7.Google Scholar