¹ Shlaim, Avi, “Conflicting Approaches to Israel's Relations with the Arabs: Ben-Gurion and Sharett, 1953–1956,” Middle East Journal 37 (1983): 180–201Google Scholar; Tov, Yaakov Bar-Siman, “Ben-Gurion and Sharett: Conflicting Management and Great Power Constraints in Israeli Foreign Policy,” Middle Eastern Studies 24, 3 (07 1988): 330–56.Google Scholar For another view, see Telhami, Shibley, “Israeli Foreign Policy: A Static Strategy in a Changing World,” Middle East Journal 44, 3 (Summer 1990): 401.Google Scholar

² At the end of May 1954, Israeli military intelligence activated a spy ring in Cairo, ordering it to undertake sabotage operations against selected Egyptian, British, and American targets. The last operation was a failure; the Israeli agents were imprisoned; and a Cairo military tribunal sentenced two of the agents to death by hanging. Two agents committed suicide, and six were given long prison sentences. Director of Military Intelligence Gibli, Benjamin and Minister of Defense Pinhas Lavon accused each other of having authorized the sabotage operations, and in 02 1955Google Scholar, following the Olshan-Dori Commission of Enquiry, Lavon submitted his resignation and Ben-Gurion took up the Defense Portfolio. In 1960, the “Affair” erupted after discoveries of falsification of evidence and documents. Although Lavon was exonerated by a committee of seven ministers, Prime Minister Ben-Gurion forced his resignation from his post as secretary-general of the Histadrut, Israel's largest labor federation. The political “Affair,” however, did not subside until Ben-Gurion and his followers left Mapai.

³ Weizmann, to Arlozoroff, , n.d., in Am. Hevra Umedina (Selected Essays), ed. Arlosoroff, Haim and Maniv, Asher (Tel Aviv, 1984), 178Google Scholar; Getter, Miriam, Haim Arlosoroff, Biografia Politit (Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad, 1977), 223.Google Scholar

⁴ Avinery, Shlomo, “Haim Arlosoroff, Hoge Deʾot Hevrati Umedini,” in Am, Hevra Umedina, 20–24.Google Scholar

⁵ Kitvei Haim Arlosoroff (Tel Aviv: Stible, 1934), 6:78Google Scholar, 114–17.

⁶ Shapira, Anita, Herev Hayona (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1992), 284–86.Google Scholar

⁷ Minutes of Mapai's Council, 6–9 01 1933Google Scholar, Mapai's Archives, Berl, Beit (hereafter MA) 22/33; Minutes of Mapai's Central Committee, 13 11 1932, MA 22/32.Google Scholar

⁸ Getter, , Haim Arlosoroff, 108.Google Scholar

⁹ Minutes of Mapai's Council, 6–9 01 1933Google Scholar; MA 21/33; Stein, Kenneth W., The Land Question in Palestine (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 137–41.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Arlosoroff, , Am. Hevra Umedina, 24, 131.Google Scholar

¹¹ Bar-Zohar, Michael, Ben-Gurion, vol. 1 (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1975), 177.Google Scholar

¹² Haʾavoda, Sefer Achdut (Tel Aviv: Vaʾadat Hayalkut, 1932), 1970, 297.Google Scholar

¹³ Gorni, Josef, Mediniut Veʾdimion (Federal Ideas in Zionist Political Thought-1917–1948) (Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi, 1993), 50–52Google Scholar; Minutes of Mapai's Council, 5–8 02 1931, MA 21/32Google Scholar; Teveth, Shabtai, Ben-Gurion Vearviyei Eretz Yisrael (Jerusalem and Tel Aviv: Schoken, 1985), 122–25.Google Scholar About the “autonomy” in the Mandat period, see Lissak, Moshe, “Soziologim ‘Bikortiyim’ Vesoziologim ‘Mimsadiyim’,” in Tzionut: Pulmus Ben-Zemanenu, ed. Ginossar, Pinhas and Bareli, Avi (Sede Boqer: Ben-Gurion Research Center, 1997), 73–76.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Bar-Zohar, Michael, Ben-Gurion (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1977), 2:874Google Scholar; Minutes of the Central Committee of Mapai, 9 11 1958,Google Scholar MA 23/58.

¹⁵ Ben-Gurion, David, “Bithonenu Umaʾamadenu,” a Preface for the Israeli Government Annual for 1960 (Jerusalem: Government of Israel, 1959), I–IIGoogle Scholar; Minutes of the Discussion on the Arab Question, 10–11 09 1929Google Scholar, Histadrut, Archives (hereafter HA) 208/4/214b, 320Google Scholar; Ben-Gurion's, speech during Independence Day, 25 04 1955Google Scholar, Israeli Archives (hereafter ISA) 4373/18, 2–3, which was not included in Ben-Gurion, , Hazon Vadereh (Tel Aviv: Ayanot, 1957), 5:166–67.Google ScholarThe U.S. Embassies in Tel Aviv and Cairo to the Secretary of State, 30 04 1955Google Scholar, the U.S. National Archives (hereafter NA), 684A.86/4–30–2955; Sela, Avraham, “Meoraot Hakottel (1929)—Nekudat Mifne Bayahasim Bein Yehudim Leʾaravim,” in Yerushalaim batodaʾa uvʾasia hatzionit, ed. Lewski, Hagit (Jerusalem: Merkaz Zalman Shazar, 1989), 276.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Nur, Yizhak Gal, Veshavu Banim Ligvulam, Hahahraot al Medina Ushtahim (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1994), 198.Google Scholar For the various Zionist views about transfer, see Flapan, Simha, Zionism and the Palestinians (London and New York: Barnes & Noble, 1979), 259–66.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ben-Gurion, to Mapai Secretariat, 12 07 1937Google Scholar, Zvi, Yad Ben Archives 10, Palestine Royal Commission Report, 07 1937 (London: His Majesty's Stationary Office, 1937), 392Google Scholar; Katz, Yossi, “Diyunei Vaʾa dat Hasohnut Lehaʾavarat Ohlusin, 1937–1938,” Zion 53, 2 (1988): 167–18.Google Scholar Arab tenant farmers within Palestine were usually resettled with the compensation they received from the Jewish National Fund: Stein, Kenneth W., “The Jewish National Fund: Land Purchase Methods and Priorities, 1924–1939,” Middle Eastern Studies 20, 2 (04 1984): 201CrossRefGoogle Scholar; cf. Tyler, W. P. N., “The Beisan Lands Issue in Mandatory Palestine,” Middle Eastern Studies 25, 2 (04 1989): 145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁸ Katz, , “Diyunei Vaʾadat,” 177–84.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Minutes of Mapai's Political Committee, 8 06 1938Google Scholar, HA 406/4/11.

²⁰ Lavon, Pinhas, “Im Seridei Amenu” (“With the Remnants of Our People”), Binetivei lyun Umaʾavak (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1968), 233.Google Scholar

²¹ Barzel, Naʾima, “Hatvia Bayishuv Lehaʾanashata Shel Germania 1944–1947,” Cathedra 73 (09 1994): 180.Google Scholar

²² Amitay, Yossi, Ahvat Amim Bamivhan 1948–1954 (Tel Aviv: Tcherikover, 1988), 89, 106Google Scholar; Lebeʾaiot Hahistadrut Bamedina (Tel Aviv: Mapai, 1948)Google Scholar; Manifesto, Histadrut, 2 12 1947, HA 208/4/4113.Google Scholar

²³ Lebeʾaiot Hahistadrut Bamedina, 20.Google Scholar However, the Arabist Michael Assaf agreed with Lavon: ibid., 11.

²⁴ ibid., 18, 33–36.

²⁵ gMinutes of Histadrut Executive Committee, 10 12 1947Google Scholar, HA, vol. 87; Minutes of “Hever Hakvutzot” Secretariat, 11 12 1947Google Scholar, Gordonia Archives, Hulda (hereafter GA) 5/4.

²⁶ Minutes and Resolutions of Histadrut Executive Committee, 1 01 1948Google Scholar, HA 208/4/5173; an agreement between Arab and Jewish workers at the Haifa Oil Refineries, 26 01 1948Google Scholar, HA 208/4/ 5271.

²⁷ Minutes of Mapai Secretariat, 29 05 1948Google Scholar, MA 24/48.

²⁸ Ben-Gurion, “Bithonenu Umaʾamadenu,” I–II.

²⁹ Minutes of Mapai Secretariat, 1 06 1948Google Scholar, MA 24/48; Pin has Lavon, , “Yahasei Amim Bamedina,” Davar, 16 06 1948Google Scholar; cf. Hatzair, Hapoel, 6 07 1948, no. 40, 11–12.Google Scholar

³⁰ Shavit, Yossi, “Segregation, Tracking, and the Educational Attainment of Minorities: Arabs and Oriental Jews in Israel,” American Sociological Review 55, 1–3 (02 1990): 115–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³¹ An excerpt from the Minutes of Mapai's Council, 21 05 1949, GA.Google Scholar

³² Minutes of the Political Committee of Mapai, 26 09 1951, MA 26/51.Google Scholar

³³ Minutes of Mapai's Bureau, 19 01 1950Google Scholar, MA 25/50.

³⁴ Minutes of Mapai's Secretariat with the Parliamentary Faction, 18 June and 9 07 1950Google Scholar, MA 11–1–3; Minutes of Ambassadors’ Convention, 17 07 1950Google Scholar, ISA 2408/9.

³⁵ Interview with Mordehai Makleff, in Michael Bar Zohar Archives.

³⁶ Minutes of the Mapai Parliamentary Faction, 15 January and 20 02 1951, MA 11–1–5Google Scholar; Diary, Ben-Gurion's, 3 01 1952Google Scholar, Ben-Gurion Archives in Kiryat Sde Boker (hereafter BGA); Minutes of the Israeli Government, 8 02 1951Google Scholar, ISA Library; Stendel, Ori, Arviyey Yisrael (Jerusalem: Akademon, 1992), 25.Google Scholar

³⁷ The military government was established in 1948 in order to protect the Arab population from the Israeli Jews: Tal, David, Hitpathuta Shel Tfisat Habitahon Hashotef 1949–1956 (diss., Tel Aviv University, 1994), 21–22.Google Scholar

³⁸ Minutes of the Mapai Parliamentary Faction, 12 10 1950, MA 11–1–2Google Scholar; Minutes of Mapai's Bureau, 15 01 1950, MA 25/50.Google Scholar

³⁹ Kafkafi, Eyal, Emet o Emuna (Jerusalem: Yad Yizhak Ben Zvi, 1992), 90–143.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Yanay, Natan, “Hamaʾavar Limdinat Yisrael Lelo Huka,” in Hamaʾavar Mʾyishuv Limdina, ed. Pilowsky, Vardah (Haifa: University of Haifa, 1990), 23–36Google Scholar; see also Lavon's, speech in the Minutes of the Israeli Government, 6 12 1950, ISA Library.Google Scholar

⁴¹ The wage difference, however, generally persisted: Kamen, Charles S., “After the Catastrophe II: The Arabs in Israel, 1948–1951,” Middle Eastern Studies 24, 1 (01 1988): 72, 95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴² Documents on the help of the Histadrut to the Israeli Arabs in files 163, 394, 437, 439, 495, HA, division 419/4.

⁴³ On cooperation through the Arab villages, see Gal, Yoram Bar, “The Concept of Diffusion, Dimension of Time and Space in Cooperative Agricultural Organization in Non-Jewish Villages in Israel,” Middle Eastern Studies 16, 3 (10 1980): 237–45.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Minutes concerning Majdal, 21 08 1950Google Scholar, HA 219/4/163.

⁴⁵ Ben-Gurion, to the Head of the G branch, General Headquarters, Yigal Yadin, 14 05 1950Google Scholar, ISA 2402/23b.

⁴⁶ Minutes of the Government of Israel, 12 07 1950Google Scholar, ISA Library.

⁴⁷ Mohl, Imanuel N. to Barkatt, Reuven, 25 10 1950, HA 219/4/163.Google Scholar However, cf. Morris, Benny, “The Transfer of Al Majdal's Remaining Arabs to Gaza, 1950,” 1945 and After, Israel and the Palestinians, ed. Morris, Benny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 323–47.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Kaplan, Shabtai, “To the Majdal Affair,” Al-Hamishmar, 25 09 1950.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Documents of the Majdal Affair in HA 219/4/163.

⁵⁰ Dayan, Moshe, Avnei Derech (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1976), 95–96Google Scholar; Minutes of a Conversation between Dayan, and Ben-Gurion, , 22 11 1956Google Scholar, Israel Defense Forces Archives (hereafter IDFA) 890/73/1323.

⁵¹ The Egyptian Complaints about the Majdal Expulsion, 9 09 1950Google Scholar, ISA 2477/10a.

⁵² Kaplan, Shabtai, “Hayamim Haʾahronim shel Majdal,” Al-Hamishmar, 31 10 1950.Google Scholar

⁵³ An interview with Yaakov Cohen, Berl, Beit, 30 03 1992.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Tevet, Shabtay, “Mihsholim Beshikum Haplitim,” Haʾaretz, 8 11 1950.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ A summary of a conversation on 12 12 1950Google Scholar, Bloom, Yehuda to Efrati, Yoseph, 7 04 1952Google Scholar, ISA 2458/5821; Ben-Gurion's, Diary, 24 03 1952.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Ben-Gurion's, Diary, 19 10 1952.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Palmon, Yehoshua to the Chief of General Staff and to the Director General of the Defense Ministry, 27 05 1952Google Scholar, ISA 2402/23b; Benziman, Uzi and Mansour, Atalla, Dayarey Mishne (Jerusalem: Keter, 1992), 42–43.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Ben-Gurion's, Diary, 30 10 1952.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Lavon, to Ben-Gurion, , 12 11 1952Google Scholar, ISA 2401/19.

⁶⁰ Ben-Gurion, to the Government, 25 03 1953, ISA 2402/23b.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Minutes of Mapai's Political Committee, 15 12 1953, MA 26/53.Google Scholar

⁶² Interview with Dan Tolkowski, Tel Aviv, 10 03 1991.Google Scholar

⁶³ A summary of the Military Government for August–December 1953, ISA 2402/23b.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Dayan to “the Minister of Defense,” 1 08 (Shabbat) 1953, IDFA 17/11/55.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Minutes of the Israeli Government, no. 64, 2 08 1953, ISA, vol. 9.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ David Hacohen to Lavon, 3 08 1953, MA 11–2–14.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Knesset Minutes, 5 08 1953, vol. 14, 2148–49.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ For example, “Uzi and Company,” Haʾaretz, 6 08 1953Google Scholar; “Times mevaker et Lavon's, speech about the search in Tira,” Haʾaretz, 8 08 1953Google Scholar; “Tira,” Al-Hamishmar, 9 08 1953.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Lavon's, speech before the Olshan Committee, 01 1955, IDFA 282/77/17.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Minutes of Mapai's Secretariat, 27 08 1954, MA 24/54.Google Scholar

⁷¹ See contradictory information about Arabs’ taxes in Al-Haj, Majid, Hinuh Bekerev Haʾaravim Beyisrael (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1996), 50.Google Scholar

⁷² Minutes of a Discussion on the Military Government, 27 09 1953, IDFA 230/72/1054.Google Scholar

⁷³ Lavon learned of the need to re-establish the authority of the adviser on Arab affairs: the general manager of the Ministry of Defense, Zeev Shind, to the head of the Military Government Department, Shani, Yizhak, 28 01 1952, ISA c/5441/1590.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Minutes of a Discussion on the Military Government, 27 09 1953.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Minutes of Mapai's Assembly, 14 02 1953, IDFA 532/73/218.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ The High Command Gathering of the IDF, IDFA 636/56/10.

⁷⁷ Lavon, to Rokach, Yisrael (Minister for Interior Affairs), 11 01 1954, IDFA 230/72/1057;Google ScholarBen-Gurion's, Diary, 12 02 1953Google Scholar; see also Rokach, Yisrael to Ben-Gurion, , 16 02 1953Google Scholar, and Ben-Gurion, to Rokach, , 24 02 1953Google Scholar, ISA c/5434/1402; Minutes of the Parliamentary Committee for Interior Affairs, 24 03 1953, ISA 70/K (Knesset).Google Scholar

⁷⁸ An Excerpt From A Meeting In The Defense Ministry In “Rosh Hashana” (09 1953), Ma 3/14/4.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Tal, , Hitpalhuta Shel Tfisat Habitation Hashotef, 228Google Scholar.

⁸⁰ See Schnell, Izhak, “Urban Restructuring in Israeli Arab Settlements,” Middle Eastern Studies 30, 2 (04 1994): 330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸¹ Sharett, Moshe, Yoman Ishi (Tel Aviv: Maʾariv, 1978), 462, 482;Google Scholar documents in ISA 5441/1590c.

⁸² “A Reasonable Step,” Haʾaretz 9 02 1954.Google Scholar

⁸³ Summary of a meeting of the military government representative with the Histadrut Arab Department, 12 09 1954Google Scholar, HA 219/150; memo from the Haifa Arab Union, 16 02 1954Google Scholar, MA 11–2–16; Kappelyuk, Menahem, “Nichsey Nifkadim Lehitashrut Yehidim?” Lavon to Sharett and others, 19 01 1954, and to Haim Shorer, 3 March 1954, MA 11–2–14.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Lavon, to Dayan, , 18 02 1954, IDFA 11/90/340;Google Scholar 3 March 1954, IDFA 230/72/1057; Chief of General Staff/Diary, 28 05 1954Google Scholar, IDFA 127/73/1.

⁸⁵ Al-Haj, Majid, Hinuch Bekerev Haʾaravim Beyisrael (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1996), 51.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Minutes of a Discussion on the Military Government, 27 09 1953.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Lustick, Ian, Arabs in the Jewish State, Israel's Control of a National Minority (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1980), 93.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Shimoni, Yaakov to Eban, Abba, 17 08 1953, ISA 355/27.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Ben-Gurion, Survey in the Government, 18 10 1953, ISA p/941.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Sharett, , Yoman Ishi, 337–38.Google Scholar

⁹¹ Barkatt, Reuven, “Gius Aravim Lezahal,” Mazpen, 24 11 1954.Google Scholar

⁹² Benziman, and Mansour, , Dayarey Mishne, 117–18.Google Scholar

⁹³ Minutes of the Minister of Defense discussions, 13 May 1954, 3 June 1954, 18 08 1954, IDFA 890/73/2163.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Ksam, Camal, “Gius Aravim Lezahal” (Hebrew), Mazpen, 1 12 1954;Google ScholarRaz, Shaul, “Gius Aravim LeZahal,” Mazpen, 8 12 1954.Google Scholar See the view against the Arab Conscription: Goldberg, Yohanan, “Gius Aravim LeZahal,” Mazpen, 15 12 1954;Google Scholar see also 1 December and 8 December 1954.

⁹⁵ Report on ongoing registration of the minorities for conscription into the IDF, 1 10 1954, ISA 2402/18.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Barkatt, “Gius Aravim Lezahal.”

⁹⁷ “The letters from April 15, 1954, and January 5, 1955, are now nullified”: IDFA 230/72/1054.

⁹⁸ Conversation with Ben-Gurion, , 23 02 1955, IDFA 890/73/2104, and 10 March 1955, IDFA 890/73/822.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ Ben-Gurion, to Dayan, , 18 05 1955, IDFA 890/73/2084.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Lavon, at Berl, Beit, 18 05 1955, GA 221/3/9.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Barkatt, to Ratner, Yohanan, 17 01 1956, ISA 2401/20.Google Scholar

¹⁰² Report of the Committee for the Military Government, December 1955–02 1956, HA 219/4/26.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Ben-Gurion refused to let the most prominent Israeli poet, Nathan Alterman, go to Kafr Qasim in order to give the villagers his condolences. Both Ben-Gurion and Dayan thought that the Arab villagers had actually finished mourning for their forty-seven brethren after three weeks: Minutes of Ben-Gurion's staff, 22 11 1956, IDFA 890/73/1323.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Minutes of Mapai's Foreign Affairs Committee, 4 03 1958, MA 7/7/58:Google ScholarBenziman, and Mansour, , Dayarey Mishne, 106;Google ScholarAmerican Embassy, Tel Aviv, Desp. no. 51, 27 07 1959, NA 784A.02/7–2759.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Minutes of Mapai's Committee for Arab Affairs, 14 08 1958, MA 7/32.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Minutes of Mapai's Foreign Affairs Committee, 28 01 1959, MA 7/7/58.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Manifesto of an Arab Labor Party, 11 02 1959, MA 11/Barkatt.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ Ben-Gurion, to Mapam Ministers, 2 02 1960Google Scholar, Ben-Gurion's, Diary, 12 02 1960Google Scholar; Minutes of Haifa Workers Council, 8 03 1960Google Scholar, HA 250/4/109.

¹⁰⁹ Goldscheider, Calvin, “Arab-Israel Demography and Distinctiveness,” in The Arab Minority in Israel: Dilemmas of Political Orientation and Social Change, Asian and African Studies, ed. Rekhess, Elie, vol. 27, no. 1–3 (March/07 1993), 68.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Al-Haj, Majid, “Kinship and Local Politics Among the Arabs in Israel,” in The Arab Minority, 52.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ Minutes of Haifa Workers Council, 1 03 1959, Haifa Workers Council Archive.Google Scholar

¹¹² Minutes of Mapai's Secretariat, 15 05 1952, HA 219/4/126.Google Scholar

¹¹³ Barkatt, to Chushi, Aba, 10 1959, MA 11/Barkatt.Google ScholarThe Israeli method was to try to preserve what Don Peretz defines as “factionalism,” the dominant cause of the Palestinians’ defeat in 1948Google Scholar: Peretz, , “Palestinian Social Stratification: The Political Implication,” Journal of Palestine Studies 7, 1 (1977): 55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹¹⁴ Linn, Amnon to Barkatt, , 5 02 1958Google Scholar, MA 11/Barkatt.

¹¹⁵ When doubts surrounding Barkatt's integrity were apparently discussed at the Mapai Control Board: note from Barkatt and other documents, MA 11/Barkatt.

¹¹⁶ Minutes of the Histadrut Central Committee, 25 04 1960Google Scholar, HA 97; interview with Cohen, Yaakov, Beit Berl, 30 03 1992Google Scholar, and with Yahalom, Nahum, 20 06 1991.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ Smooha, Sammy, “The Arab Minority in Israel: Radicalization or Politicization?” in Israel, State and Society, 1948–1988, Studies in Contemporary Jewry, ed. Medding, Peter Y. (1989), 74.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Minutes of Mapai's Committee on Arab Affairs, 14 08 1958, MA 7/32.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ Minutes of Arabic Literature Fund, 10 03 1959Google Scholar, MA 32–19–146.

¹²⁰ Barkatt-Librani-Abu Racan correspondence, MA 32–19–146.

¹²¹ Minutes of Mapai's Committee on Arab Affairs, 5 05 1961, MA 7/32.Google Scholar

¹²² Ibid.

¹²³ Ibid., 4 May 1962, MA 7/32; interview with Israel Zavdi, 7 07 1991Google Scholar; notes in the Aharon Becker Papers, HA 104/4/15–2–9; Haim Flexer, to Barkatt, , 25 05 1961Google Scholar; and other letters to Barkatt, MA 32–19–126.

¹²⁴ Sharett to the Secretary-General of the Histadrut, Becker, Aharon, 13 04 1961.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ Josef, Elyahu to Barkatt, , 7 05 1961Google Scholar; Cohen, Yaakov to Barkatt, , 14 04 1961; and other letters to Barkatt, MA 32–19–126 and Barkatt/11.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Shmaryahu, Moshe, “Becker and Yaʾhalom,” MaDariv, 17 05 1961.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Lavon's speech, 20 12 1962, GA 221/7.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ Benziman, and Mansour, , Dayarey Mishne, 107–8Google Scholar; Minutes of Mapai's Committee on Arab Affairs, 1 02 1962Google Scholar, MA 7/32; Minutes of Mapai's Secretariat, 1–5 05, 9 02 1962, MA 24/62.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Minutes of a discussion in Mapai on Arab Affairs, 1 11 1963, MA 32–19–50.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ A summary of a discussion held in Haifa, 11 01 1963, MA 32–19–50Google Scholar; Benyamin Neuberger, The Arab Minority in Israeli Politics 1948–1992,” in The Arab Minority, 151.Google Scholar

¹³¹ Ben-Gurion, “Bithonenu Umaʾamadenu,” I-II.

¹³² If, as Ernst Gellner put it, there is no hope that “nationalism” can entirely “be flattened out by the bulldozer of industrial production,” there are, nevertheless, “some grounds for partial optimism. The diffusion of economic prosperity can diminish the intensity of ethnic feelings. When two populations, previously in ethnic conflict, both possess favorable and reasonably equal economic prospects the acute friction … gradually disappears”: Gellner, Ernst, Encounters with Nationalism (Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1994), 37–38, 46.Google Scholar