Authors' Note: The author would like to thank Gabriel Sheffer, William Quandt, and Mary T. Mearsheimer for their comments and assistance on earlier draftsof this article.

¹ Except when specified, IPC refers to the Iraqi Petroleum Company and its two wholly owned subsidiaries, the Mosul Petroleum Company (MPC) and the Basra Petroleum Company (BPC).

² Qasim withdrew from the Baghdad Pact soon after seizing power.

³ Basra is on the Persian Gulf.

⁴ E.g., a 1956–1957 stoppage owing to the destruction of transit facilities in Syria.

⁵ Arab Report and Record (ARR), 17 07 1969.Google Scholar

⁶ Ibid., 25 September 1970.

⁷ Ibid., 23 July 1970.

⁸ Ibid., 24 July 1970, emphasis added.

⁹ Ibid., 14 October 1970, 27 October 1970.

¹⁰ Through 1971 one Iraqi dinar (I.D.) = U.S. $2.80. In 1972 one Iraqi dinar U.S. $3.04.

¹¹ The demand to increase the tax rate from 50 to 55 per centwas part of an OPEC-wide strategy to increase governmental oil revenues. See Michael, E. Brown, John, J. Mearsheirner, and Walter, J. Petersen, “A Model of Cartel Formation” (Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, 1976), Rand Corporation Paper number P-5708, pp. 20–28.Google Scholar

¹² ARR, 7 06 1971.Google Scholar

¹³ Middle East Economic Survey (MEES), 7 01 1972.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Ibid., 4 February 1972, insert added.

¹⁵ Ibid., 19 May 1972.

¹⁶ This will be discussed in more detail below.

¹⁷ Ibid.

¹⁸ Ibid.

¹⁹ The INOC started production in April 1972; the IPC accounted for over 99 per cent of Iraq's oil production before that time.

²⁰ George, W. Stocking, Middle EastOil (Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1970), p. 272.Google Scholar

²¹ Middle East and North Africa (Yearbook) 1973–1974, p. 270.Google Scholar

²² The pipeline to Tripoli passed through Syria and it was also expounded.

²³ Middle East and North Africa (Yearbook),1973–1974, p. 334. BPC production (in southern Iraq) was transported through the Persian Gulf and was unaffected by the Syrian stoppage.Google Scholar

²⁴ ARR, 23 12 1966.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid., 22 January 1967.

²⁶ Ibid., 12 December 1966.

²⁷ An additional 0.5 per cent of the original concession areawould have been returned to the IPC.

²⁸ ARR, 23 01 1967.Google Scholar

²⁹ Oil from southern Iraq was transported through the Persian Gulf and did not utilize the Syrian pipeline system.

³⁰ According to the government.

³¹ Ibid., 18 February 1972.

³² Ibid., 7 January 1972.

³³ Ibid., 14 May 1972.

³⁴ Ibid.

³⁵ Ibid.

³⁶ Ibid., 4 June 1972.

³⁷ Ibid., 25 December 1967.

³⁸ Ibid., 2 June 1969, 4 July 1969.

³⁹ Ibid., 30 August 1970.

⁴⁰ Ibid., November 1970.

⁴¹ Ibid., 11 April 1971.

⁴² Ibid., 14 August 1971.

⁴³ Foreign Broadcast Information Survey (FBIS), 11 04 1972.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Current Digest of the Soviet Press (CDSP) (Pravda), 5 04 1972.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ FBIS, 11 04 1972, emphasis added.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ The IPC cutbacks.

⁴⁷ Ibid.

⁴⁸ Ibid.

⁴⁹ ARR, 1 06 1972.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ These tankers were later purchased by Iraq.

⁵¹ Note the distinction between Rumaila crude and nationalized crude.

⁵² Hungary, Spain, Greece, Japan, Romania, Italy, Ceylon, Brazil, West Germany, and India offered to buy Iraqi nationalized crude.