Author's note: Research for this paper has been supported by grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Idaho State Board of Education, and Boise State University, for which I am truly grateful. Also, I would like to thank the staffs of the Public Record Office, Kew; the National Archives, Washington, D.C.; the Presbyterian Historical Society, Philadelphia; the British Library, and the National Army Museum, London, for their help. I presented an earlier version of this article at the 1989 Middle East Studies Association meeting in Toronto, and I want to thank critics of that paper, including Janet Afary, Lois Beck, John Foran, and Nikki Keddie, as well as my BSU colleagues Susan Medlin, Todd Shallat, and Driek Zirinsky.

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²⁶ The others were St. Cyr–educated gendarmerie Major Masud Khan, minister of war in Zia's first cabinet, and Istanbul-educated Azeri gendarmerie Captain Qasem Khan (World War I veteran of the Ottoman army in Iraq), military governor of Tehran immediately following the coup, Norman, Tehran, I March 1921, D. 31, and 3 March 1921, D. 29, FO 371/6403. Masud and Qasem were attached to Lieutenant-Colonel Smyth for the organization of an Azarbayjan gendarmerie; Smyth brought them to Qazvin. Qasem was military attaché in Seyyid Zia's embassy to Baku in 1919–20, where he and Zia both associated with Smyth and other British officers, Wilber, , Riza Shah, 40–41. Masud and Qasem fell from power with Zia in May 1921.Google Scholar

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⁴⁸ Zirinsky, “Imbrie.”

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