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⁵ E.g.,Woolman, David S., Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rf Rebellion (London and Stanford, 1969),Google Scholar and de Campos, Carlos Martinez, España bélica el siglo XX Marruecos (Madrid, 1969).Google Scholar

⁶ In an unsigned article entitled “Jahl al-zu⊂amā al-muslimīn wa-mafāsid ahl al turuq wal-shurafā wa kawnunum sababan li-fashl za⊂īm al-Rīf al-Maghrabī,” Al-Manar, 8, 27 (1344–1345/1925–1927), 630–634.

⁷ Pérez, Andrés Sánchez, La acción decisiva contra Abd el-Krim (Toledo, 1930), p. 126.Google Scholar

⁸ The bay⊂a is preserved in the Archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MAEF), Paris, in file Maroc (NS) 517, p. 180. It is reproduced in Pennell, C. R., “The Opposition of the Rifi Confederation Led by Muḥammad bin ⊂Abd al-Karīm al-Khaṭṭābī to Spanish Colonial Expansion 1920–1926,” unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds, 1979, pp. 514–518 (English trans.) and pp. 912–915 (Arabic version).Google Scholar

⁹ Montagne, Robert, Révolution au Maroc (Paris, 1953), p. 119.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Hart, , Aith Waryaghar, pp. 369–403.Google Scholar

¹¹ In fact, according to the preamble to the interview printed in Al-Manar (“Jahl al-zu⊂amā”), the article originally appeared in the Egyptian weekly Al-Shūrā. According to Shinar, , “⊂Abd al-Qadir,” p. 173n, it was also reprinted in al-Minhaj. The Al-Manar version is the best known and most accessible.Google Scholar

¹² Al-Manar, “Jahl al-Zu⊂amā.”

¹³ Ibid.

¹⁴ Hourani, Albert, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1789–1939 (London, 1970), p. 225.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Al-Manar, “Jahl al-zu⊂amā.”

¹⁶ Hourani, , Arabic Thought, pp. 78–80.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ibid.

¹⁸ See n. 8, above. The differences in dates is caused by the method in which a bay⊂a was given by one group and then by another.

¹⁹ Lahbabi, Mohamed, Le Gouvernement marocain à l'aube du vingtième siècle (Casablanca, 1975), pp. 22–30.Google Scholar

²⁰ See, e.g., the bay⊂a given by the Banū Masāra tribe to Mawlāy Ḥassan in 1873/1874, reproduced in Al-Wathqiq, III, 1977. I am indebted to Mr. George Joffé for this reference.Google Scholar

²¹ Laroui, Abdallah, Les origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme marocain (Paris, 1977), p. 373.Google Scholar

²² Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 522–524.Google Scholar

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²⁴ The bay⊂a referred to in nn. 8 and 18, above.

²⁵ Ibid.

²⁶ Hourani, , Arabic Thought, p. 89.Google Scholar

²⁷ Ibid., p. 151.

²⁸ Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 539–556.Google Scholar

²⁹ al-Mannūnī, Muḥammad, Maẓāhir yaqẓat al-Maghrib al-ḥadīth, Pt. I (Rabat, 1392/1973), pp. 263–273.Google Scholar

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³¹ Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 529–531 and 588.Google Scholar

³² Ibid., pp. 727–733.

³³ Lahbabi, , Gouvernement, pp. 135–137.Google Scholar

³⁴ Hart, , Aith Waryaghar, pp. 283–284.Google Scholar

³⁵ Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 177–180.Google Scholar

³⁶ Hourani, , Arabic Thought, p. 6.Google Scholar

³⁷ This is the central idea of Lahbabi, Gouvernement.

³⁸ al-Fāsī, ⊂Allāl, Al-ḥarakāt al-istiqlālīya fī-l-maghrib al-⊂arabī (Tangier, n.d.), pp. 121–122.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Ibid., pp. 563–564.

⁴¹ Abun-Nasr, Jamil, “The Salafiyya Movement in Morocco: The Religious Bases of the Moroccan Nationalist Movement” in Hourani, Albert, ed., St. Antony's Papers No 16 Middk Eastern Affairs No. 3 (London, 1963), pp. 92–98.Google Scholar

⁴² Skīraj, , “Al-ẓall al-warīf,” p. 86.Google Scholar

⁴³ Hart, , Aith Waryaghar, p. 371.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Ibid.

⁴⁵ Comisión de Responsibilidades, Documentos relacionados con la información instruida por la llamada ‘Comisión de Responsibilidades’ acerca del desastre de Anual (Madrid, n.d.), p. 45.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 223–229.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Ibid., p. 534.

⁴⁸ Ibid., pp. 575–582.

⁴⁹ Hart, , Aith Waryaghar, p. 389.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 280–281.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Ibid., p. 299.

⁵² Ibid., p. 713.

⁵³ Ibid., pp. 651–652.

⁵⁴ Ibid., pp. 659–673.

⁵⁵ Forbes, Rosita, El Raisuni, Sultan of the Mountains (London, 1924), p. 40.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ See the biography of the Sharif given in Forbes, El Raisuni.

⁵⁷ Ibid., p. 40.

⁵⁸ Pennell, , “Opposition,” p. 144.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Sa⊂īd, Amīn, Thawrāt al-⊂arab fī-l-qarn al-⊂ashrīn (Cairo, n.d.), pp. 193–196.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 705–708.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Ibid., pp. 656–658.

⁶² Ibid., pp. 661–672.

⁶³ Ibid., p. 702.

⁶⁴ Ibid., p. 709.

⁶⁵ An example is Muḥammad Bū Qaddur of the Timsamān tribe in the Eastern Rif. His career is described in Pennell, C. R., “‘I Want To Live Peacefully in My House’: A Moroccan Qaid and His Reaction to Colonialism,” Maghreb Review, 6, 3–4 (1981), 49–54.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Sheean, Vincent, Adventures among the Riffi (London, 1926), p. 47.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Pennell, , “Opposition,” pp. 762–766.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Gabrielli, Léon, Abd-el-Krim at les événements du Rif 1924–1926: notes et souvenirs recuellis et presentés par Roger Coindreau (Casablanca, 1953), p. 85.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Ayyāshī, Aḥmad al-Bū ⊂, Ḥarb al-Rīf al-taḥrīrīya wa-marāhil al-niḍāl, 2 vols. (Tangier, 1974), II, 361–362.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Skīraj, , “Al-ẓall al-warīf,” p. 83.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Al-Manar “Jahl al-Zu⊂amā.”