^{page 293 note 2} See The Politics of Aristotle, trans. by SirErnest, Barker (New York, Oxford University Press, 1948), bk V, pp. 237–97.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 3} See Michael, Loftchie, Zanzibar: Background to Revolution (Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1965).Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 4} George, Rudé, The Crowd in History (New York, Wiley, 1964), p. 219.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 5} Rostow, W. W., The British Economy in the Nineteenth Century (New York, Oxford University Press, 1948), p. 132.Google Scholar

^{page 294 note 1} Raymond, Tanter and Manus, Midlarsky, ‘A Theory of Revolution’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 11 (09 1967), p. 271.Google Scholar

^{page 294 note 2} Another group of economic hypotheses that we do not deal with here are those which are concerned with distribution, but from a static rather than a dynamic perspective. These arise out of the tradition of Aristotle which holds that a ‘mixed’ society, neither too unequal nor too equal, is the most stable. This perspective is developed by James Harrington, the English seventeenth-century writer, and by Tanter and Midlarsky, op. cit. A modification of it, focusing solely on the destabilizing effect of too much inequality, was developed by Vilfredo Pareto and, more recently by Fred, Kort (‘The Quantification of Aristotle's Theory of Revolution’, American Political Science Review, 46 (1952), pp. 486–93). The failure of these theories lies in the fact that many different degrees of distribution have appeared unjust and have generated revolutions historically and also in that they attempt to explain the dynamics of social change through the analysis of static relations of distribution. It was felt that Marx's theory, which incorporates an analysis of distribution into a dynamic and historically relative theory, was the most relevant theory for our purpose of discussion.Google Scholar

^{page 294 note 3} Karl, Marx, The Communist Manifesto, trans. Sweeney, (New York, Monthly Review Press, 1964), pp. 23–24.Google ScholarBertell, Oilman, Alienation: Marx' Concept of Man in Capitalist Society (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming, 1971).Google Scholar

^{page 295 note 1} Alexis, de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (New York, Harper, 1856), chap. 16, pp. 206–17.Google Scholar

^{page 295 note 2} Crane, Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice Hall, 1952), pp. 29–32, 264.Google Scholar

^{page 295 note 3} James, C. Davies, ‘Toward a Theory of Revolution’, American Sociological Review 27, no. 1 (1962), pp. 5–19.Google Scholar See Barrington, Moore, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston, Beacon, 1966), pp. 473–4, for a variant that includes noneconomic factors.Google Scholar

^{page 295 note 4} Camille, E. Labrousse, La Crise de l'économie française à la fin de l'ancien régime et au debut de la Revolution (Paris, P.U.F., 1944)Google Scholar

^{page 295 note 5} Ted, Gurr, with Charles, Ruttenberg, The Conditions of Civil Violence: First Tests of a Causal Model (Princeton Center of International Studies, research monograph 28, 04 1967); Tanter and Midlarsky, op. cit.;Google ScholarIvo, and Roselind, Feierabend, ‘The Relationship of Systemic Frustration, Political Coercion, International Tension, and Political Instability: A Cross-National Study’, paper presented at the 1966 meeting of the American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 1} Ted, Gurr, ‘Psychological Factors of Civil Violence’, World Politics, 20, no. 2 (01, 1968), pp. 245–71;Google ScholarChalmers, Johnson, Revolutionary Change (Boston, Little Brown, 1966).Google Scholar See also Ted, Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1969).Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 2} See Moore, op. cit.; Samuel, Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1968).Google Scholar

^{page 296 note 3} Brinton, , op. cit., pp. 80–90.Google Scholar

^{page 297 note 1} Moore, , op. cit., pp. 470–1, although 473³² seems weak and 474 is ultimately contradictory of the previous attempts to argue for objective criteria.Google Scholar

^{page 297 note 2} Davies, , op. cit., p. 6.Google Scholar

^{page 297 note 3} Ibid. pp. 13, 15.

^{page 297 note 4} Gurr with Rutterberg, op. cit.

^{page 298 note 1} Ibid. p. 70.

^{page 298 note 2} Tanter and Midlarsky, op. cit.

^{page 298 note 3} See the discussion in Oscar, Morgenstern, On the Accuracy of Economic Observations (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1963).Google Scholar

^{page 298 note 4} Personal communication to the authors. F.A.O. has some such figures.

^{page 299 note 1} See James, A. Paul, ‘A Comparison of Revolutionary Situations in Two Developing Countries in Northern Africa – Sudan: October–March 1964–5; Morocco; March–June, 1965.’ Unpublished M.A. thesis, New York University.Google Scholar

^{page 299 note 2} Bertrand, Munier, ‘Chronique économique marocaine’, Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord, 1964 (Paris: CNRS, 1965), p. 284.Google Scholar

^{page 300 note 1} Components of the balance-of-payments figure, in all cases drawn from the United Nations Statistical Yearbooks, are Goods and services (I, goods, freight, and insurance on merchandise; 2, other services and private transfers; 3, central government transfers) and Non-monetary sector capital (4, direct investment; 5, other private; 6, central government.)

^{page 301 note 1} See Caracatus, (Frederick, J. Snell), Revolution in Iraq (London, Gollancz, 1959);Google ScholarHaseeb, K., The National Income of Iraq 1963–61 (London and New York, Oxford University Press, 1964);Google ScholarMajid, Khadduri, Independent Iraq 1932–1958 (London and New York, Oxford University Press, 1960)Google Scholar and Republican Iraq (London and New York, Oxford University Press, 1969);Google ScholarPierre, Rossi, L'Iraq des revoltés (Paris, Seuil, 1962);Google ScholarBenjamin, Shwadran, The Power Struggle in Iraq (New York, Council for Middle Eastern Affairs Press, 1960);Google ScholarBernard, Vernier, L'Iraq d'aujourd'hui (Paris, Colin, 1963);Google ScholarDoreen, Warriner, Land Reform and Development in the Middle East (London and New York, Oxford University Press 1957);Google ScholarUriel, Dann, Iraq under Qassem (New York, Praeger, 1969);Google ScholarTaghi, T. Kermani, Economic Development in Action: Theories, Problems and Procedures as Applied in the Middle East (New York, World Publishing Co., 1967).Google Scholar

^{page 303 note 1} See Bert, Hansen and Girges, A. Marsuk, Development and Economic Policy in the United Arab Republic (Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co., 1965);Google ScholarCharles, Issawi, Egypt in Revolution: An Economic Analysis (London and New York, Oxford University Press, 1963);Google ScholarMagdi, el-Kammash, Economic Development and Planning in Egypt (New York, Praeger, 1968);Google ScholarKardouche, G. K., The UAR in Development: A Study in Expansionary Finance (New York, Praeger, 1967);Google ScholarDonald, C. Mead, Growth and Structural Change in the Egyptian Economy (Homewood, Ill., Richard D. Irwin, 1967);Google ScholarPatrick, O'Brien, The Revolution in Egypt's Economic System: From Private Enterprise to Socialism, 1952–1965 (London, Oxford University Press, 1966);Google ScholarOwen, R. J., Cotton and the Egyptian Economy, 1820–1914 (New York, Praeger, 1968);Google ScholarAnouar, Abdel-Malek, Egypt: Military Society: The Army Regime, the Left and Social Change undet Nasser (New York, Random House, 1968); Warriner, op. cit.Google Scholar

^{page 304 note 1} See Henderson, K. D. D., Sudan (New York, Praeger, 1966).Google Scholar

^{page 304 note 2} See Johan, W. Beyen et al. , The Economic Development of Morocco (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966);Google ScholarCharles, F. Stewart, The Economy of Morocco, 1912–1962 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1964);Google ScholarAndré, Tiano, La Politique économique et financière du Maroc indépendant (Paris, PUF, 1963);Google ScholarSamir, Arnin, L'Economie du Maghreb (Paris, Editions du Minuit, 1966).Google Scholar

^{page 305 note 1} See Ghazi, Duwaji, Economic Development in Tunisia (New York, Praeger, 1967);Google ScholarCharles, Micaud, Carl, Brown, Clement, Henry Moore, Tunisia: The Politics of Modernization (New York, Praeger, 1964).Google Scholar

^{page 306 note 1} See Henry, Bretton, The Rise and Fall of Kwaine Nkrumah (New York, Praeger, 1966); Peter C. Sederberg, ‘National Expenditures as an Indicator of Political Change in Ghana’ (Wellesley College, Mass., pending).Google Scholar

^{page 307 note 1} See Belgian Office d'information et des relations publique pour le Congo beige et le Ruanda-Urundi, : Belgian Congo (Brussels, 1959–1960);Google Scholar Centre de recherches et d'information socio-politiques: Congo, 1959 (Brussels, CRISP, 1963); Belgium, Chambre des Représentants, Session 1958–1959;Google ScholarCommission parlementaire chargée de faire une enquête stir les événements qui se sont produits à Léopoldville en janvier Rapport à la Chambre, Document no. 100/31 (Brussels, 27 03 1959).Google Scholar

^{page 307 note 2} See Spooner, F. P., South African Predicament: The Economics of Apartheid (New York, Praeger, 1962).Google Scholar

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