Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T01:58:41.309Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review of directional modulation technology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2015

Yuan Ding  and
Vincent Fusco
Yuan Ding*
Affiliation:
The ECIT Institute, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT3 9DT, UK. Phone: +44 (0)2890 971 806
Vincent Fusco
Affiliation:
The ECIT Institute, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT3 9DT, UK. Phone: +44 (0)2890 971 806
*
Corresponding author: Y. Ding Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Directional modulation (DM) is an emerging technology for securing wireless communications at the physical layer. This promising technology, unlike the conventional key-based cryptographic methods and the key-based physical layer security approaches, locks information signals without any requirements of keys. The locked information can only be fully recovered by the legitimate receiver(s) priory known by DM transmitters. This paper reviews the origin of the DM concept and, particularly, its development in recent years, including its mathematical model, assessment metrics, synthesis approaches, physical realizations, and finally its potential aspects for future studies.

Keywords

Wireless systems and signal processingAntennas and propagation for wireless systems
Type
Tutorial and Review Paper
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 8 , Issue 7 , November 2016 , pp. 981 - 993
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and the European Microwave Association 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

[1] Li, X.; Hwu, J.; Ratazzi, E.P.: Using antenna array redundancy and channel diversity for secure wireless transmissions. J. Commun., 2 (3) (2007), 24–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[2] Mollin, R.A.: An Introduction to Cryptography, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[3] William, S.: Cryptography and Network Security, 4th ed., Pearson Education India, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2006.Google Scholar
[4] Forouzan, B.A.: Cryptography and Network Security, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2007.Google Scholar
[5] Bloch, M.; Barros, J.: Physical-Layer Security: From Information Theory to Security Engineering, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011.Google Scholar
[6] Wang, T.; Liu, Y.; Vasilakos, A.: Survey on channel reciprocity based key establishment techniques for wireless systems. Wireless Netw., 2015, available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-014-0841-8.Google Scholar
[7] Chen, C.; Jensen, M.A.: Secret key establishment using temporally and spatially correlated wireless channel coefficients. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., 10 (2011), 205–215.Google Scholar
[8] Ahmadi, H.; Safavi-Naini, R.: Secret key establishment over a pair of independent broadcast channels, in 2010 Int. Symp. Information Theory and Its Applications (ISITA), 2010, 185–190.Google Scholar
[9] Mukherjee, A.; Fakoorian, S.A.A.; Huang, J.; Swindlehurst, A.L.: Principles of physical layer security in multiuser wireless networks: a survey. IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., 16 (3) (2014), 1550–1573.Google Scholar
[10] Ding, Y.; Fusco, V.: Vector representation of directional modulation transmitters, in 2014 8th European Conf. Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2014, 332–336.Google Scholar
[11] Ding, Y.; Fusco, V.: A vector approach for the analysis and synthesis of directional modulation transmitters. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 62 (2014), 361–370.Google Scholar
[12] Ding, Y.; Fusco, V.: Establishing metrics for assessing the performance of directional modulation systems. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 62 (2014), 2745–2755.Google Scholar
[13] Ding, Y.; Fusco, V.: BER-driven synthesis for directional modulation secured wireless communication. Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol., 6 (2014), 139–149.Google Scholar
[14] Ding, Y.; Fusco, V.: Directional modulation transmitter radiation pattern considerations. IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 7 (15) (2013), 1201–1206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[15] Ding, Y.; Fusco, V.: Constraining directional modulation transmitter radiation patterns. IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 8 (15) (2014), 1408–1415.Google Scholar
[16] Ding, Y.; Fusco, V.: Directional modulation far-field pattern separation synthesis approach. IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 9 (1) (2015), 41–48.Google Scholar
[17] Zhang, Y.; Ding, Y.; Fusco, V.: Sidelobe modulation scrambling transmitter using Fourier Rotman lens. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 61 (2013), 3900–3904.Google Scholar
[18] Shi, H.; Tennant, A.: Secure physical-layer communication based on directly modulated antenna arrays, in 2012 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conf. (LAPC), 2012, 1–4.Google Scholar
[19] Shi, H.; Tennant, A.: Enhancing the security of communication via directly modulated antenna arrays. IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 7 (8) (2013), 606–611.Google Scholar
[20] Babakhani, A.; Rutledge, D.B.; Hajimiri, A.: Transmitter architectures based on near-field direct antenna modulation. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, 43 (2008), 2674–2692.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[21] Babakhani, A.; Rutledge, D.B.; Hajimiri, A.: Near-field direct antenna modulation. IEEE Microw. Mag., 10 (2009), 36–46.Google Scholar
[22] Chang, A.H.; Babakhani, A.; Hajimiri, A.: Near-field direct antenna modulation (NFDAM) transmitter at 2.4 GHz, in 2009 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Int. Symp., 2009, 1–4.Google Scholar
[23] Shi, H.; Tennant, A.: Direction dependent antenna modulation using a two element array, in Proc. 2011 5th European Conf. Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2011, 812–815.Google Scholar
[24] Shi, H.; Tennant, A.: Characteristics of a two element direction dependent antenna array, in 2011 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conf. (LAPC), 2011, 1–4.Google Scholar
[25] Shi, H.; Tennant, A.: An experimental two element array configured for directional antenna modulation, in Proc. 2012 6th European Conf. Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2012, 1624–1626.Google Scholar
[26] Daly, M.P.; Bernhard, J.T.: Directional modulation technique for phased arrays. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 57 (2009), 2633–2640.Google Scholar
[27] Daly, M.P.; Bernhard, J.T.: Beamsteering in pattern reconfigurable arrays using directional modulation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 58 (2010), 2259–2265.Google Scholar
[28] Daly, M.P.; Daly, E.L.; Bernhard, J.T.: Demonstration of directional modulation using a phased array. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 58 (2010), 1545–1550.Google Scholar
[29] Daly, M.P.: 2012: Physical layer encryption using fixed and reconfigurable antennas. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL.Google Scholar
[30] Shi, H.; Tennant, A.: Secure communications based on directly modulated antenna arrays combined with multi-path, in 2013 Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conf. (LAPC), 2013, 582–586.Google Scholar
[31] Shi, H.; Tennant, A.: Covert communication using a directly modulated array transmitter, in 2001 Proc. 8th European Conf. Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2014, 316–318.Google Scholar
[32] Shi, H.; Tennant, A.: Simultaneous, multi-channel, spatially directive data transmission using direct antenna modulation. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 62 (1) (2014), 403–410.Google Scholar
[33] Hong, T.; Song, M.Z.; Liu, Y.: Dual-beam directional modulation technique for physical-layer secure communication. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., 10 (2011), 1417–1420.Google Scholar
[34] Valliappan, N.; Lozano, A.; Heath, R.W.: Antenna subset modulation for secure millimeter-wave wireless communication. IEEE Trans. Commun., 61 (8) (2013), 3231–3245.Google Scholar
[35] Zhu, Q.; Yang, S.; Yao, R.; Nie, Z.: A directional modulation technique for secure communication based on 4D antenna arrays, in Proc. 7th European Conf. Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2013, 125–127.Google Scholar
[36] Zhu, Q.; Yang, S.; Yao, R.; Nie, Z.: Directional modulation based on 4-D antenna arrays. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 62 (2) (2014), 621–628.Google Scholar
[37] Hong, T.; Song, M.Z.; Liu, Y.: RF directional modulation technique using a switched antenna array for physical layer secure communication applications. Prog. Electromagn. Res., 116 (2011), 363–379.Google Scholar
[38] Csiszar, I.; Korner, J.: Broadcast channels with confidential messages. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, 24 (1978), 339–348.Google Scholar
[39] McIllree, P.E.: Channel capacity calculations for M-ary N-dimensional signal sets. M.E. thesis in Electronic Engineering, The University of South Australia, 1995.Google Scholar
[40] Stroud, A.H.: Approximate Calculation of Multiple Integrals, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1971, 23–52.Google Scholar
[41] Brink, S.T.: Convergence behavior of iteratively decoded parallel concatenated codes. IEEE Trans. Commun., 49 (10) (2001), 1727–1737.Google Scholar
[42] Lavaei, J.; Babakhani, A.; Hajimiri, A.; Doyle, J.C.: A study of near-field direct antenna modulation systems using convex optimization, in American Control Conf. (ACC), 2010, 1065–1072.Google Scholar
[43] Ding, Y.; Fusco, V.: Experiment of digital directional modulation transmitters. Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT), 11 (2015).Google Scholar
[44] WARP Project. Available at: http://www.warpproject.org (accessed 14 June 2014).Google Scholar
[45] Ding, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Fusco, V.: Fourier Rotman lens enabled directional modulation transmitter. Int. J. Antennas Propag., 2015, 13 pages, 2015, Article ID 285986. doi:10.1155/2015/285986.Google Scholar
[46]Fourier Rotman lens directional modulation demonstrator experiment. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsmCcxo-TPE.Google Scholar
[47] Ding, Y.; Fusco, V.: Improved physical layer secure wireless communications using a directional modulation enhanced retrodirective array, in 2014 XXXIst URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symp. (GASS), 2014, doi: 10.1109/URSIGASS.2014.6929294.Google Scholar