¹ See generally Protection of personal data, European Commission Directorate for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship, http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/ (visited Apr. 20, 2013); History of data protection by the Council of Europe, Council of Europe, http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/standardsetting/dataprotect-ion/History_more_en.asp (visited Apr. 20, 2013).Google Scholar

² For an overview of the difference between these terms, see Marci Hoffman & Mary Rumsey, International and Foreign Legal Research, 3-9 (2012).Google Scholar

³ See Tan, Domingo R., Personal Privacy in the Information Age: Comparison of Internet Data Protection Regulations in the United States and European Union, 21 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 661 (1999), available at http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/ilr/vol21/iss4/5.Google Scholar

⁴ See Greenleaf, Graham, Global Data Privacy Laws: 89 Countries, and Accelerating, February 6, 2012; Privacy Laws & Business International Report, Issue 115 (Feb. 2012 special supplement); Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 98/2012, at 2, available at http://ssm.com/abstract=2000034.Google Scholar

⁵ See Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, art. 8 (Nov. 4, 1950) (commonly known as the “European Convention on Human Rights”); EU Treaty of Lisbon, Charter of Fundamental Rights, arts. 7-8 (Dec. 13, 2007). See also Juliane Kokott & Christoph Sobotta, The distinction between privacy and data protection in the jurisprudence of the CJEU and the ECtHR, 3 Int'l Data Privacy L. 222 (2013). American researchers should recall that, in Europe, fundamental rights exist against the government and against private actors.Google Scholar

⁶ O'Brien, Kevin J., Firms Brace for New European Data Privacy Law, New York Times, May 13, 2013, available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/technology/firms-brace-for-new-european-data-privacy-law.html?_r=0.Google Scholar

⁷ See Jacqueline Klosek, Data Privacy in the Information Age, 3 (2000).Google Scholar

⁸ For example, the European Union provides an introduction at http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm. Additionally, NYU provides a guide at http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/European_Unionl.htm. For American researchers especially, the Delegation of the European Union to the United States provides a guide to the European Union at http://www.euintheus.org/resources-learning/eu-guide-for-americans/. See also Hoffman & Rumsey, supra note 2, at 195-205.Google Scholar

⁹ For example, one may consult N-Lex at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/n-lex/index_en.htm for information on relevant European national laws. For a more global reach, one might consult McAfee's site at http://www.mcafee.com/us/regu-lations/international.aspx or Morrison & Foerster's Privacy Library at http://tinyurl.com/lh8uejj. For an annual fee of $7,000, one can also access global data protection laws and related notes provided by DataGuidance at http://www.dataguidance.com/.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Kiljunen, Kimmo The European Constitution in the Making, Centre for European Policy Studies, 22 (2004), available at http://aei.pitt.edu/32581/1/20._EU_Constitution.pdf.Google Scholar

¹¹ While Westlaw and LexisNexis provide excellent information, particularly with regard to the European Union, this research guide aims for a larger audience than law students and others with access to these databases. Still, Westlaw will be used with regard to the use of the Legal Journals Index because this is an invaluable index in this field.Google Scholar

¹² A listing of several sources and explanations of EU law and institutions in general can be found in online European Union research guides. See, e.g., http://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/dynamic/guide.php?id=52; http://www.asil.org-/erg/?-page-eu; http://library.law.columbia.edu/guides/European_Union_Legal_Materials; http://www.law.nyu.edu/library/research/researchguides/europeanunionresearch/index.htm; https://www.usfca.edu/law/library/research/foreign/european/; http://lib.law.washington.edu/ref/eu.shtml; http://www.law.georgetown.edu/library/research/guides/EuropeanUnion.cfm; or http://law.duke.edu/lib/researchguides/-europe/.Google Scholar

¹³ Available at http://www.worldcat.org/; see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat for more information.Google Scholar

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¹⁵ Available at http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=European+Data+Protection&fq=dt%3Abks.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Carey, Peter, Data Protection: A Practical Guide to UK and EU Law (2009).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Available at http://home.heinonline.org/.Google Scholar

¹⁸ For information on the Directorate General for Justice, see http://ec.europa.eu/justice/index_en.htm.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Available at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/index_en.htm.Google Scholar

²⁰ Bauchner, Joshua S. & Ramani, Rekha, International Regulatory Devices: Legal Research Guides to the EU Data Protection Directive and the Convention on Biological Diversity, 25 (2001).Google Scholar

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²⁴ Available at http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/information_society/data_protection/index_en.htm.Google Scholar

²⁵ Available at http://www.ssrn.com/.Google Scholar

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²⁷ Available at https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A0=data-protect-ion.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ See Colin Bennett, Regulating Privacy: Data Protection and Public Policy in Europe and the United States (1992).Google Scholar

⁴² Available at http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cms_data/docs/2004/4/29/Charter%20of%20fundemental%20rights%20of%20the%20European%20Union.pdf.Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ See generally Gloria Gonzalez Fuster & Raphael Gellert, The Fundamental Right of Data Protection in the European Union: In Search of an Uncharted Right, 26 Int'l Rev. L. Computers & Tech. 73 (2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁸ See Bennett, supra note 41.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See EU Directorate General for Justice's website for a listing of peripheral sources of EU data protection law. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/law/index_en.htm.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ Available at http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/edps/Consultation/Reform_package.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Available at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/article-29/documentation/index_en.htm.Google Scholar

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⁷⁰ See, e.g., De Hert, Paul and Gutwirth, Serge, Data protection in the case law of Strasbourg and Luxemburg: constitutionalisation in action, in Reinventing Data Protection?, 3 (Gutwirth, S., et al eds., 2009), available at http://works.bepress.com/serge_gutwirth/10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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¹¹¹ This research guide assumes familiarity with LexisNexis. For a more detailed tutorial on using LexisNexis generally, including a review of selecting sources and databases and the many search options, see http://www.lexisnexis.com/tutorial/global/globaltutorial_frameset.asp?sPage=overview&adaptation=academic&lbu=US&locale=en_us.Google Scholar

¹¹² If logged into LexisNexis, then the database is available for searching at the following website: http://www.lexis.com/research/form/search?_m=d0cd9e13ee109alf628f65eb8b9930b7&_src=10952&wchp=dGLzVzkzSkAW&_md5=7c927cc0f5babd2c01909d2631b00231.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁵ Additional information, if logged in to LexisNexis, available at http://w3.lexis.com/research2/source/srcinfo.do?_m=09dfa881694969956a1eb10ddd117bae&src=164604&wchp=dGLzVzk-zSkAW&_md5=e68900c0c428194e180e3826869307d3.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Additional general information on searching in Westlaw is available in the discussion of Indexes, supra Section IV.A.1. More information on using Westlaw available at http://lawschool.westlaw.com/shared/marketinfodisplay.asp?code=re&id=2&subpage=1.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ For those logged into Westlaw, the database is available for searching at http://web2.westlaw.com/search/default.wl?db=EU-ALL&RS=W&VR=2.0&ssl=n.Google Scholar

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