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Human Right to Environment and Its Effective Protection in Catalonia, Spain and Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2019

Extract

Human Right to Environment is one the most relevant Third Generation Human Rights which includes new universal needs arisen from the last third of 20th century. These new human rights add as an additional layer to the First Generation Human Rights (civil and political rights from the end of 18th century) and to the Second Generation Human Rights (economic, social and cultural rights from 19th century).

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 by The Institute for International Legal Information 

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References

1 The expression “Third Generation Human Rights” was coined by VASAK, Karel, (1972), Le Droit International de Droits de l'Homme, París, Pedone, 1972.Google Scholar

2 You can look at the status of ratification in http://www.unece.org/env/pp/ratification.html.Google Scholar

5 Article 7.2 of the Regulation 1049/2001/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents. It is made a reference to this regulation by article 3 Regulation 1367/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September on the application of the provisions of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters to Community institutions and bodies.Google Scholar

6 Article 20 of the Spanish Act 27/2006, of 18 of July, on rights of access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental matters.Google Scholar

7 Public means “one or more natural or legal persons, and, in accordance with national legislation or practice, their associations, organizations or groups” (article 2.4). And public concerned means “the public affected or likely to be affected by, or having an interest in, the environmental decision-making; for the purposes of this definition, non-governmental organizations promoting environmental protection and meeting any requirements under national law shall be deemed to have an interest” (art. 2.5).Google Scholar

8 Articles 10-12 Regulation 1367/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 and articles 22–23 Spanish Act 27/2006, of 18 of July, on rights of access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental mattersGoogle Scholar

9 Sec, Stephen (2000:130131): The Aarhus Convention: an implementations guide, United Nations, New York and Geneva. Available in http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/pp/acig.pdf.Google Scholar

10 Bonine, John E. in Sec, Stephen -editor- (2003:2739): Handbook on Access to Justice under the Aarhus Convention, Hungary, The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe. Available in http://archive.rec.org/REC/Programs/EnvironmentalLaw/PDF/accesstojustice.pdf Google Scholar

11 Axline, Michael D., (1995): Environmental Citizen Suits, Butterworth Legal Publishers, USA. For a comparative study, Peñalver I Cabré, Alexandre (2007:439485): “Nuevos instrumentos para la aplicación de la legislación ambiental ante la inactividad administrativa (de las acciones ciudadanas (citizen suits) al Convenio de Aarhus)”, Revista de Administración Pública, 172. This is available in http://www.cepc.gob.es/publicaciones/revistas/revistaselectronicas?IDR=1&IDN-=623&IDA=26509.Google Scholar

12 About the lack of adequate and effective remedies for public interests such as environament in administrative courts, Peñalver I Cabré, Alexandre (2013: 149194): “Las pretensiones en el contencioso-administrativo para la efectiva protección de los intereses colectivos”, Revista de Administración Pública, 190.Google Scholar