¹ Ethiopia has had many constitutions including those written in 1931, 1955, 1984, and 1995. Additionally, the Italians wrote a constitution for Ethiopia during the occupation, the Decree-Law Respecting the Organization and Administration of Italian East-Africa, June 1, 1936. It is available in the World Constitutions collection of HeinOnline (last visited August 24, 2015).Google Scholar

² Ms. Sarah Vaughan has interviewed many people who were key players in the formation of the present government and who were active participants during the formation of the transitional government. These interviews are important in so far as interpreting what the intent of the drafters of the constitution was. These key players are still around and her documents should be verified and kept in secure places for future references.Google Scholar

³ The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), G.A. Res. 217 A III (December 10, 1948), was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948. Ethiopia was one of forty-eight countries that adopted it. Available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (Last visited August 14, 2015). See also http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Introduction.aspx. (last visited August 14, 2015); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human Rights. (Last visited August 24, 2015).Google Scholar

⁴ The military government's objective with the PNDR was to create a socialistic state under the leadership of workers, peasants, the petite bourgeoisie, and all anti-feudal and anti-imperialist forces. See http://memory.loc.gov/frd/etsave/et_01_07.html (last visited August 14, 2015.)Google Scholar

⁵ See Negarit Gazeta of May 5, 1960, No. 2 Extraordinary, available at http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/336/Civil%20Code%201960.pdf (last visited August 14, 2015).Google Scholar

⁶ These are the 1931 and 1955 Constitutions of Imperial Ethiopia, and the 1987 Constitution of the military government. There was also another constitution drafted just before Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed, but never went into effect.Google Scholar

⁷ Derg literally means committee. The military government that deposed the Emperor was composed of this committee made up 120 people representing various military groups such as the armed forces the police and Territorial Army. It was later known as the Provisional Military Administrative Council.Google Scholar

⁸ TPLF stands for the Tigrean Peoples Liberation Front which was formed on September 14, 1974 and Tigreans are the people of Tigray State.Google Scholar

⁹ See Proclamation No. 7/1992 of January 14, 1992 that established the national/regional self-governments.Google Scholar

¹⁰ The Charter appeared in the Negarit Gazeta,¹⁰ on the 50^th Year – No. 1, on July 22, 1991, as the “Peaceful and Democratic Transition Conference of Ethiopia held July 1–5, 1991.Google Scholar

¹¹ UDHR, supra note 3, Article 1.Google Scholar

¹² Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art.1 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar

¹³ Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 19(c), (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 6 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 7 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 8 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 9 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar

¹⁸ Id Google Scholar

¹⁹ Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Arts. 10 & 11 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar

²⁰ Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 11 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar

²¹ Transitional Period Charter of Ethiopia, Art. 12 (July 22, 1991).Google Scholar

²² These are The Penal Code of 1957, The Civil Code and Commercial Code of 1960, The Criminal Procedure Code of 1961, and The Civil Procedure code of 1967.Google Scholar

²³ Black's Law Dictionary 376 (10^th ed. 2014.)Google Scholar

²⁴ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 104 & 105 (1995).Google Scholar

²⁵ Black's, supra note 23 at 376.Google Scholar

²⁶ Id.Google Scholar

²⁷ Id. at 378.Google Scholar

²⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 79(2) & (3) (1995).Google Scholar

²⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 83(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 84(1) (1995).Google Scholar

³¹ See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 78 & 79 (1995).Google Scholar

³² Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 79(2) (1995).Google Scholar

³³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 30(1) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 84(1) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 82(2) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁶ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 99 (1995).Google Scholar

³⁷ The Federal Courts Proclamation Act was promulgated on February 15, 1996, as amended by Proclamation No. 138 of 1998.Google Scholar

³⁸ For more information on the Ethiopian Sharia Courts, see Federal Courts of Sharia Consolidation Proclamation No. 188 of 1999.Google Scholar

³⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 55(6) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 73 (1995).Google Scholar

⁴¹ The Constitution appeared in the Federal Negarit Gazeta, as proclamation 1st Year No. 1, on August 21, 1995.Google Scholar

⁴² See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 1 (1995).Google Scholar

⁴³ See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 10 & 13(1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 9 & 13 (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 50 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁶ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 50(5) & 52(2)(a) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ See the Constitutions of the nine States, some of which are available on the internet.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 9(1) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 9(2) (1995).Google Scholar

⁵⁰ See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts.50 & 52 (1995).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 9(4) (1995).Google Scholar

⁵² See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 104 (1995).Google Scholar

⁵³ Id.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Id.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 13–28 (1995).Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Id.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 29–34 (1995).Google Scholar

⁵⁸ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 35–38 (1995).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39–44 (1995).Google Scholar

⁶⁰ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 105(1) (emphasis added) (1995).Google Scholar

⁶¹ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 105(2) (1995).Google Scholar

⁶² Amharic is the official working language of Ethiopia. There are eighty languages and over 200 hundred dialects spoken in the country.Google Scholar

⁶³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 106 (1995).Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 12 (1995).Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 94 (1995).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Id.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Id.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 95 (1995).Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(8) (1995).Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 51(5) (1995).Google Scholar

⁷¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 44 (1995).Google Scholar

⁷² Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 100(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar

⁷³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 100 (3) (1995).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 100 (2) (1995).Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 96(2) (1995).Google Scholar

⁷⁶ See generally Const. of FDRE Art. 96 (1995).Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Art.97 (1995).Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Id.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ They shall also collect rent on houses and other properties they own. See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 97(6) (1995).Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 97(7) & (10) (1995).Google Scholar

⁸¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 98 (1995).Google Scholar

⁸² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 99 (1995).Google Scholar

⁸³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 45 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸⁴ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 46 & 47(1) (1995).Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 47(4) (1995).Google Scholar

⁸⁶ See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 51 & 93 (1995).Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 79(2) & (3) (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 55(17) & (18) (1995).Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 50(8) (1995).Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 52(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹¹ See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 52 (1995).Google Scholar

⁹² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 52(2)(f) (1995). In the implementation of this responsibility, the state must ensure that educational training and experience requirements for any job, title or position approximate the national standard.)Google Scholar

⁹³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 11 (1995).Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 11(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 47(2) (1995).Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 46(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 46 & 47 (1995).Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Id.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 48 (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁰² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 39(5) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39(1) (1995). Also see generally Const, of the FDRE, Arts. 46–48 (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39(2) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Id. Also see generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 61(2) (1995) for representation.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 39(4) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ Id.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Id.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ See Const. of the FDRE, Arts.45 & 53 (1995).Google Scholar

¹¹² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 50(3) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹¹³ See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 56 & 73(2). (1995).Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 54 (1995).Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art 58 (1995).Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Id.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ Id. Roughly this would be October 12 for Meskerem and July 7 for Sene.Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Id.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ Id.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ Id.Google Scholar

¹²¹ Id.Google Scholar

¹²² See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60 (1995).Google Scholar

¹²³ Id.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ Id.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ Id.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Id.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Id.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ Id.Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Id.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ Id.Google Scholar

¹³¹ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 55 (1995).Google Scholar

¹³² See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 55(7) & 55(14) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³³ const. of the FDRE, Art. 57 (1995).Google Scholar

¹³⁴ Id.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 61 (1995).Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Id.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ Id.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 62 (1995).Google Scholar

¹³⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 62 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 64Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 67 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴² See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 62(2) & 82(1) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁴³ See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 82–84 (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 54 & 63 (1995).Google Scholar

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¹⁴⁶ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ Const, of the FDRE, ART. 69 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 69 & 70 (1995). Since the FDRE government was formed, Ethiopia has had three Presidents.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ See Generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 71 (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁵² See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 71(7) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁵³ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28 (1995) for crimes against humanity.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁴ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28(2) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁵ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28(1) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁶ International Federation for Human Rights, Ethiopia: pardon granted for 38 opposition party members. FIDH calls for the release of all the other political prisoners (July 20, 2007) https://www.fidh.org/International-Federation-for-Human-Rights/Africa/Ethiopia/Ethiopia-pardon-granted-for-38 (last visited July 14, 2015). (“The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) welcomes the decision of Girma Wolde-Giorgis, the Ethiopian President, to grant pardon to 38 out of the 43 defendants sentenced to life or to years of prison on 16 July 2007 by the Federal High Court judge.”)Google Scholar

¹⁵⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 56 & 73(1995).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 73(2) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 73(1) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 72(1) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁶¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 74(1) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁶² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 72(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁶³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 72(3) 91995).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁴ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60(1) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁵ See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 74 (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁶ See Const. of the FDRE, Art.75 (1995).Google Scholar

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¹⁶⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 76(1) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 76(2) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 76(3) (1995). See also Const, of the FDRE, Art. 93(2)(a) in case of declaration of state of emergency.Google Scholar

¹⁷¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁷² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 60(5) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁷³ In the Ethiopian context, although there are some administrative agencies and corporations such as the National Bank, the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, the Investment Agency, the Electric Power Authority, etc. that propose bills to the HOPR, it is the Ministries, such as the Ministries of Education, Health, Communications, etc. that are instrumental in proposing bills to the HOPR.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 77(13) (1995). In the United States, the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 allows administrative agencies to have administrative law judges who can make decisions based on administrative laws.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁵ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 77 (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁶ Which must be approved by the HOPR. Const. of the FDRE, Art. 77(3) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁷ See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 77(10) (1995). In declaring a state of emergency, the COM shall, within the time limit prescribed by the Constitution, submit the proclamation declaring a state of emergency for approval by the HOPR.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(1)(a) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 51(6) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 74(1) (1995).Google Scholar

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¹⁸² See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 62(9) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁸³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(1)(b) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁴ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁵ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 77(10) & 93(1)(a)(1995) for state of emergency.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁶ See Const. of the FDRE Art. 93 (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁷ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁸ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁹ Id.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁰ See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 76 & 77. Where Article 76 provides the COM is comprised of the Prime Minister the Deputy Prime Minister and other members (of the Cabinet, and Article 77(10) which gives the COM the power to declare state of emergency.Google Scholar

¹⁹¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(2)(b) 91995).Google Scholar

¹⁹² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(4)(c) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁹³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 93(5) & (6) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁴ For all provisions on state of emergency, refer to Const, of the FDRE, Art. 93 (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁵ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 49 (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁶ See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 50(8), 40(8), and 51(5) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁷ For the power and function of Addis Abeba, refer to the Addis Abeba City Government Revised Charter Proclamation No. 361/2003.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 78(1) (1995).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁹ The Federal Courts Proclamation Act (“FCPR”) was promulgated by Act No. 25 on February 15, 1996, and amended by Act 138, 1988, to determine the jurisdictions and procedures of the federal courts on the basis of the Constitution.Google Scholar

²⁰⁰ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 79(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar

²⁰¹ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 83 (1995).Google Scholar

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²⁰⁴ Id.Google Scholar

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²⁰⁷ Id.Google Scholar

²⁰⁸ Id.Google Scholar

²⁰⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 74(7). (1995).Google Scholar

²¹⁰ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 81 & 55(13) (1995).Google Scholar

²¹¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 79(5) (1995).Google Scholar

²¹² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 79(4) (1995).Google Scholar

²¹³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 81(3) (1995).Google Scholar

²¹⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 81(4) (1995)Google Scholar

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²¹⁶ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 81(5) (1995).Google Scholar

²¹⁷ The Federal Courts Proclamation Act (“FCPR”) was promulgated by Act No. 25 on February 15, 1996, and as amended by Federal Courts Proclamation No. 138/1998 and No. 32/2003, to determine the jurisdictions and procedures of the federal courts on the basis of the Constitution.Google Scholar

²¹⁸ See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Two Section 3–5.Google Scholar

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²²⁰ FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 35(1).Google Scholar

²²¹ FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 35(2).Google Scholar

²²² FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 24(3).Google Scholar

²²³ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 80(6) (1995).Google Scholar

²²⁴ See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Two, Section 4.Google Scholar

²²⁵ See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Two, Section 5.Google Scholar

²²⁶ FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 6(1).Google Scholar

²²⁷ See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 6.Google Scholar

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²²⁹ See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 7.Google Scholar

²³⁰ See Const. of the FDRE, Arts.78 and 79 (1), (2) & (3) (1995).Google Scholar

²³¹ See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 27.Google Scholar

²³² See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 28.Google Scholar

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²³⁶ Id.Google Scholar

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²³⁸ See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 30.Google Scholar

²³⁹ The jurisdiction of all courts listed in this section are taken from FCPA.Google Scholar

²⁴⁰ The president and Vice President of the Federal Supreme Court have dual functions. Both serve as judges in the Federal Supreme Court as well as President and Vice President, respectively of the CCI.Google Scholar

²⁴¹ See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 24.Google Scholar

²⁴² See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Sections 4, 5, 19 & 20.Google Scholar

²⁴³ See FCPA, supra note 217 at Part Six, Section 20(3).Google Scholar

²⁴⁴ See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 8.Google Scholar

²⁴⁵ Without prejudice. See generally FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 8(1).Google Scholar

²⁴⁶ FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 9.Google Scholar

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²⁴⁸ See the Federal High Court Establishment Proclamation No. 322/2003, April 8, 2003,Google Scholar

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²⁵⁰ As of July 2015, 1 US Dollars was equal to 20.72 Ethiopian Birr.Google Scholar

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²⁵² See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(1).Google Scholar

²⁵³ See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(2).Google Scholar

²⁵⁴ See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(3).Google Scholar

²⁵⁵ See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 4(8).Google Scholar

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²⁵⁸ See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 13.Google Scholar

²⁵⁹ See FCPA, supra note 217 at Section 20.Google Scholar

²⁶⁰ As of July 2015, 1 US Dollars was equal to 20.72 Ethiopian Birr.Google Scholar

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²⁶⁶ Id. at Article 4(5).Google Scholar

²⁶⁷ Id. at Article 4(6).Google Scholar

²⁶⁸ Id. at Article 4(7).Google Scholar

²⁶⁹ Id. at Article 4(9).Google Scholar

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²⁷² See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 78 & 80 (1995).Google Scholar

²⁷³ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(5) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²⁷⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 49 (1995).Google Scholar

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³⁰⁴ Id.Google Scholar

³⁰⁵ Id.Google Scholar

³⁰⁶ Id.Google Scholar

³⁰⁷ The HRC was established by Proclamation No. 210/2000 on July 4, 2000.Google Scholar

³⁰⁸ Id. at Section 6.Google Scholar

³⁰⁹ For additional information, see Ethiopian Arbitration and Conciliation, http:www.abyssinialaw.com//study-On-line/item/338-ethiopia-arbitration-and-conciliation-center (last visited August 6, 2015).Google Scholar

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³¹² See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 10(1) (1995).Google Scholar

³¹³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 10(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³¹⁴ See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 13(1) (1995).Google Scholar

³¹⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 13(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³¹⁶ See Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 14–28 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³¹⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 14 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³¹⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 15 (1995).Google Scholar

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³²⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 16 (1995).Google Scholar

³²¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 17 (1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³²² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 17 (2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³²³ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 18 (3) (1995) for definition of “forced or compulsory labor.”Google Scholar

³²⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. (1) (1995).Google Scholar

³²⁵ See Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³²⁷ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(3) (1995).Google Scholar

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³²⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 19(3) & (1) (1995).Google Scholar

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³³¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(4) (1995).Google Scholar

³³² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 19(5) (1995).Google Scholar

³³³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³³⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³³⁶ const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(3) (1995) (emphasis added).Google Scholar

³³⁷ See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(4) (1995).Google Scholar

³³⁸ See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(5) (1995) (emphasis added).Google Scholar

³³⁹ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 20(7) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁴⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 22 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁴¹ Id.Google Scholar

³⁴² Id.Google Scholar

³⁴³ See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 23 (1995).Google Scholar

³⁴⁴ See generally const. of the FDRE. Art. 24 (1995).Google Scholar

³⁴⁵ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art. 25 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁴⁶ Id.Google Scholar

³⁴⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 26(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁴⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 26(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁴⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 26(3) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁵⁰ Id.Google Scholar

³⁵¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(1) (1995)…Google Scholar

³⁵² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁵³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(3) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁵⁴ Id.Google Scholar

³⁵⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(5) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁵⁶ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(4) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁵⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 27(5) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁵⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 28(1) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁵⁹ Id.Google Scholar

³⁶⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 90(2) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁶¹ See generally const. of the FDRE, Art. 29 (1995).Google Scholar

³⁶² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁶³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(3) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁶⁴ Id.Google Scholar

³⁶⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(4) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁶⁶ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(5) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁶⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 29(6) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁶⁸ Id.Google Scholar

³⁶⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 30(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁷⁰ Id.Google Scholar

³⁷¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 30(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁷² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 31 (1995).Google Scholar

³⁷³ Id.Google Scholar

³⁷⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 32(1) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁷⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 32(2) (1995). ³⁷⁶. Const. of the FDRE, Art. 33 (1995).Google Scholar

³⁷⁷ Id.Google Scholar

³⁷⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 33(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁷⁹ See generally const. of the FDRE, Arts. 33(3) & (4) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁸⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁸¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(1) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁸² Id.Google Scholar

³⁸³ Id.Google Scholar

³⁸⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(5) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁸⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 34(4) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁸⁶ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 35(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁸⁷ CONST. OF THE FDRE Art. 35(3) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁸⁸ Id.Google Scholar

³⁸⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 35(6) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁹⁰ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 35(7), (8) & (9) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁹¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 35(5)(b) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁹² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(2) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁹³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(1) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁹⁴ Id.Google Scholar

³⁹⁵ Id.Google Scholar

³⁹⁶ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(4) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁹⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(5) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁹⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 36(3) (1995).Google Scholar

³⁹⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 37(1) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 38(1) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁰¹ Id.Google Scholar

⁴⁰² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 102 (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁰³ Id.Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 38(2) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 39(1) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁶ Const. of the FDRE, 39(2) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 39(4) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 40(1) & (2) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴⁰⁹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(3) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴¹⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 40(4) & (5) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴¹¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(6) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴¹² Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(7) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴¹³ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 41(1) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴¹⁴ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 41(2) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴¹⁵ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 41(9) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴¹⁶ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 40(4) & 40(5) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴¹⁷ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 40(8) (1995).Google Scholar

⁴¹⁸ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 42(1) (d) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴¹⁹ See generally Const. of the FDRE, Art.42 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴²⁰ Const. of the FDRE, Arts. 43(1) & (2) (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴²¹ Const. of the FDRE, Art. 44 (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴²² See Ethiopian Legal Blog, http://chilot.me/cassation-decisions/ (last visited July 14, 2015).Google Scholar

⁴²³ Constitutional interpretation is handled by a different governmental department.Google Scholar

⁴²⁴ Note: Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar and its seven years and eight months behind the Gregorian calendar. Sene falls in June and July while Meskerem falls in September and October of the Gregorian calendar. For example, Sene 30, 2007 of the Ethiopian calendar is July 7, 2015 of the Gregorian calendar and Meskerem 30, 2008 is October 11, 2015.Google Scholar