Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T11:56:05.122Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Power of Social Movements and the Limits of Pluralism: Tracing Rastafarianism and Indigenous Resurgence through Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Culture

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2019

Extract

In the post-colonial era, social movements in the Commonwealth Caribbean have empowered citizens to reclaim, redefine and further develop their identity. These movements, combined with a history of colonialism and transatlantic slavery in the region, have yielded a Caribbean culture “too diverse to be labeled.” Indeed, the Caribbean culture is composed of “a bastion of discrete identities as well as quarries of very invaluable raw material that can be used to build the bridges across cultural boundaries.” These distinct but potentially overlapping identities make the Commonwealth Caribbean a truly pluralistic region, at least at the cultural and social level. As modern legal and political systems, however, the states of the Commonwealth Caribbean have, in many ways, failed to sufficiently protect the non-dominant groups within Caribbean. Indeed, attempts to balance the majoritarian demands of democracy against the pluralist notion of minority rights protection have landed largely on the side of majorities.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 by the International Association of Law Libraries. 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 In this paper, I use the term “Commonwealth Caribbean” to refer to independent, English-speaking states in the Caribbean, including: Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago.Google Scholar

2 Miranda La Rose, Caribbean culture too diverse to be labelled – Prof Nettleford, StabroekNews (5 Sep 2008), http://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/archives/09/05/caribbean-culture-too-diverse-to-be-labelled-%E2%80%93-prof-nettleford/, (Quoting Professor Rex Nettleford. See Rex Nettleford, Expressions of the Mind: Philosophy and the Making of the Caribbean Nation, Keynote Address at the Carifesta X Symposium (Guyana 2008)).Google Scholar

4 See generally Derek O'Brien & Vaughan Carter, Chant Down Babylon: Freedom of Religion and the Rastafarian Challenge to Majoritarianism, 18 J. L. & Religion 219 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Marissa Hughes, Indigenous Rights in the Philippines: Exploring the Intersection of Cultural Identity, Environment, and Development, 13 Geo. Int'l Envtl. L. Rev. 3, 9 (2000).Google Scholar

8 Marina Hadjioannou, The International Human Right to Culture: Reclamation of the Cultural Identities of Indigenous Peoples Under International Law, 8 Chap. L. Rev. 193, 193194 (2005).Google Scholar

9 Id. at 193.Google Scholar

10 See Madhavi Sunder, Cultural Dissent, 54 Stan. L. Rev. 495 (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11 Id. at 498–500.Google Scholar

12 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, 6 (1983).Google Scholar

13 Debal K Singharoy, Peasants' Movements in Post-Colonial India, 210 (2004).Google Scholar

14 O'Brien, supra note 4 at 225.Google Scholar

17 Rose-Marie Bell Antoine, Commonwealth Caribbean Law and Legal Systems 6 (2d ed. 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

18 Id. at 7.Google Scholar

19 Id. at 224.Google Scholar

20 Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, Afro-Caribbean Religions: An Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions 248 (2010).Google Scholar

22 O'Brien, supra note 4 at 224.Google Scholar

23 Melissa R. Johnson, Positive Vibration: An Examination of Incarcerated Rastafarian Free Exercise Claims, 34 NEW ENG. J. on Crim. & Civ. confinement 391, 394–95 (2008).Google Scholar

25 O'Brien, supra note 4 at 225.Google Scholar

26 Id. at 395.Google Scholar

27 The name of the Rastafarian movement was taken from Emperor Haile Selassie's name prior to coronation.Google Scholar

28 Michael Keene & Dennis McKoy, New Steps in Religious Education for the Caribbean 86 (2003).Google Scholar

29 O'Brien, supra note 4 at 222.Google Scholar

30 Antoine, supra note 17 at 8.Google Scholar

31 Johnson, supra note 23 at 395.Google Scholar

32 The Western world is also referred to as “Babylon” or the “Babylon system” by Rastafarians.Google Scholar

33 O'Brien, supra note 4 at 221.Google Scholar

38 Peter J. Paris, Religion and Poverty: Pan-African Perspectives 142 (2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

39 Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader 31 (Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, ed., 1998).Google Scholar

40 O'Brien, supra note 4 at 225–226.Google Scholar

43 Id. at 221.Google Scholar

44 Id. at 220.Google Scholar

45 O'Brien, supra note 4 at 221.Google Scholar

46 Keene, supra note 28 at 87.Google Scholar

47 See Ennis Barrington Edmonds, Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers 51 (2002), (quoting Linden F. Lewis).Google Scholar

52 Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader, supra note 39 at 31.Google Scholar

54 Johnson, supra note 23 at 396.Google Scholar

55 Chevannes, Barry, Rastafari and Other African-Caribbean Worldviews 177 (1998).Google Scholar

56 Jackson, Howard & Ambela, Etienne Zé, Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology 136 (2000).Google Scholar

58 Nyirenda, Clement M., Rastafarianism in Malawi: A Front for Chamba Smokers or a Faith Community 7 (2006).Google Scholar

59 Johnson, supra note 23 at 398.Google Scholar

60 Barnett, Leonard E., The Rastafarians: Twentieth Anniversary Edition 141 (1997).Google Scholar

61 Johnson, supra note 23 at 398.Google Scholar

64 Meehan, Peter, Ital is Vital. N. Y. Times, Oct. 12, 2012, at MM47.Google Scholar

66 Shepherd, Robert, Rastafari Livity: A Basic Information Text 10 (2d ed., 2004).Google Scholar

67 Barnett, supra note 60 at 267.Google Scholar

68 Antoine, supra note 17 at 8.Google Scholar

69 Id. at 9.Google Scholar

71 O'Brien, supra note 4 at 226.Google Scholar

73 Stephen A. King, Reggae, Rastafari, and the Rhetoric of Social Control 79 (2007).Google Scholar

76 Id. at 80.Google Scholar

77 Antoine, supra note 17 at 9. See generally Grant and Chin v. The Principle of John A. Cumber Primary School, 1999 CILR 307.Google Scholar

79 Id. See generally Forsythe v. DPP and the AG of Jamaica, (1997) 34 JLR 512.Google Scholar

82 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U. S. State Department, International Religious Freedom Report for 2012: Bahamas (2012), available at: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper (last visited Aug. 4, 2015).Google Scholar

86 Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U. S. State Department, International Religious Freedom Report for 2012: Saint Kitts and Nevis (2012) available at: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper (last visited Aug. 4, 2015).Google Scholar

89 Samuel M. Wilson, The Indigenous People of the Caribbean xiv (1997).Google Scholar

92 Untold Origins: The Indigenous Heritage of the Caribbean and its Contribution to a Caribbean Identity, The Cuming Museum, Previous Exhibits, available at: http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/200162/the_cuming_museum (last visited Jan. 19, 2014).Google Scholar

95 Wilson, supra note 89.Google Scholar

97 Tony Castanha, The Myth of Indigenous Caribbean Extinction: Continuity and Reclamation in Borikén (Puerto Rico) 6 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

98 Id. at 7.Google Scholar

99 Christian Forte, Indigenous Resurgence in the Contemporary Caribbean: Amerindian Survival and Revival 1 (2006).Google Scholar

101 Untold Origins, supra note 92 at 8.Google Scholar

109 Id. at 9.Google Scholar

114 Id. at 10.Google Scholar

116 Id. at 12.Google Scholar

119 Castanha, supra note 97 at 5.Google Scholar

120 Kirwin R. Shaffer, Review of Wilson, Samuel M., ed., The Indigenous People of the Caribbean. H-Net Reviews. August, 1998, available at https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=2219 (last visited Aug. 4, 2015).Google Scholar

121 Forte, supra note 99 at 2.Google Scholar

123 Id. at 6.Google Scholar

127 Castanha, supra note 97 at 15.Google Scholar

128 Nicholas J. Saunders, The Peoples of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archeology and Traditional Culture xxii (2005).Google Scholar

130 Ak'Kutan Radio, the Only Community Radio in the Toledo District of Belize, Expands Their Coverage, CULTURAL SURVIVAL (Mar. 26, 2014), http://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/akkutan-radio-only-community-radio-toledo-district-belize-expands-their-coverage (last visited Aug. 4, 2015).Google Scholar

133 Saunders, supra note 128.Google Scholar

135 Indigenous Peoples in Trinidad and Tobago, The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (2007), http://www.iwgia.org/regions/latin-america/trinidad-and-tobago (last visited Aug. 4, 2015).Google Scholar

136 Saunders, supra note 128.Google Scholar

137 Caribbean Organization of Indigenous Peoples, caribbean Policy Development Centre (2011), http://www.cpdcngo.org/cpdc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118:caribbean-organisation-of-indigenous-people-coip&catid=40:regional-networks&Itemid=150 (last visited Aug. 4, 2015).Google Scholar

138 Forte, supra note 99 at 225.Google Scholar

139 25th Anniversary of the Caribbean Organization of Indigenous Peoples, the Caribbean Network for Integrated Rural Development (2012), http://cnirdregional.org/25th-anniversary-of-the-caribbean-organisation-of-indigenous-peoples(last visited Aug. 4, 2015).Google Scholar

141 Forte, supra note 99 at 225.Google Scholar

142 Maximilian Forte, 'We are not extinct:’ The Revival of Carib and Taino identities, the internet, and the transformation of offline indigenes into online ‘N-digenes,” Sincronía (Jan 2002), http://sincronia.cucsh.udg.mx/CyberIndigen.htm (last visited Aug. 4, 2015).Google Scholar

143 Forte, supra note 99 at 225.Google Scholar

146 Forte, supra note 142 at 4.Google Scholar

147 Id. at 7.Google Scholar

152 Antoine, supra note 17 at 11.Google Scholar

155 Id. at 12Google Scholar

159 Id. at 179.Google Scholar

161 Id. at 188.Google Scholar

162 Id. at 189.Google Scholar

171 Id. at 190.Google Scholar

173 See generally Maya Indigenous Community of the Toledo District v. Belize, Case 12.053, Report No 40/04, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.122 Doc. 5 rev. 1 at 727 (Oct. 12, 2004), available at: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/cases/40-04.html (last visited Aug. 4, 2015)Google Scholar

176 Zelena Jones, Culture's Ties to the Land: The Belize-Guatemala Border Conflict's Implications for the Maya Communities in Light of the UN Declaration, 29 Wis. Int'l L.J. 773, 797–98 (2012).Google Scholar

178 Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname, IACHR Series C No 185 (Nov. 28, 2007), available at: http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_172_ing.pdf (Last visited Aug. 19, 2015)Google Scholar

179 Antoine, supra note 17 at 193.Google Scholar