Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T13:38:23.143Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Must equal mean identical? Same-sex couples and marriage

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2014

Robert Leckey*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Law and Paul-André Crépeau Centre for Private and Comparative Law, McGill University

Abstract

This paper pushes against the successful rhetoric of formal equality by which same-sex couples are the same as different-sex couples and opening existing regimes of marriage to them best recognises their equal moral worth. Drawing on social science research that indicates differences in the economic organisation of same-sex couples, the paper explores the possibility that a different marriage regime for the spouses' reciprocal duties might combine recognition of their equal moral worth with sensitivity to their needs. The study sharpens the understanding of contemporary investments in marriage law for everyone and offers a better justification for formal equality: same-sex couples may be treated identically to different-sex couples not because they are the same, but despite their differences.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Badgett, M. V. Lee (2001) Money, Myths, and Change: The Economic Lives of Lesbians and Gay Men. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Badgett, M. V. Lee (2009) When Gay People Get Married: What Happens When Societies Legalize Same-Sex Marriage. New York: New York University.Google Scholar
Balsam, Kimberly F., Beauchaine, Theodore P., Rothblum, Esther D. and Solomon, Sondra E. (2008) ‘Three-Year Follow-Up of Same-Sex Couples Who Had Civil Unions in Vermont, Same-Sex Couples Not in Civil Unions, and Heterosexual Married Couples,’ Developmental Psychology 44(1): 102116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, Nicola (2006) ‘Sex and the Civil Partnership Act: The Future of (Non) Conjugality?,’ Feminist Legal Studies 14(2): 241–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, Nicola (2012) Not the Marrying Kind: A Feminist Critique of Same-Sex Marriage. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, Anne (2009) ‘Property and Couple Relationships: What Does Community of Property Have to Offer English Law?,’ in Bottomley, Anne and Wong, Simone (eds), Changing Contours of Domestic Life, Family and Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2747.Google Scholar
Bendall, Charlotte (2013) ‘A Break away from the (Hetero)norm? Lawrence v Gallagher [2012] 1 FCR 557; [2012] EWCA Civ 394,’ Feminist Legal Studies 21(3): 303310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottomley, Anne and Wong, Simone (2006) ‘Shared Households: A New Paradigm for Thinking about the Reform of Domestic Property Relations,’ in Diduck, Alison and O'Donovan, Katherine (eds), Feminist Perspectives on Family Law. Abingdon: Routledge-Cavendish, 3957.Google Scholar
Boyd, Susan B. (2007) ‘Gendering Legal Parenthood: Bio-genetic Ties, Intentionality and Responsibility,’ Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 25(1): 6394.Google Scholar
Brake, Elizabeth (2012) Minimizing Marriage: Marriage, Morality, and the Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, Maree, Burgoyne, Carole and Clarke, Victoria (2008) ‘Financial Affairs? Money Management in Same-Sex Relationships,’ Journal of Socio-Economics 37(2): 481501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrington, Christopher (1999) No Place like Home: Relationships and Family Life among Lesbians and Gay Men. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, Sarah (2008) The Importance of Being Monogamous: Marriage and Nation Building in Western Canada to 1915. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, Lori (2010) ‘Women's Labour, Relationship Breakdown and Ownership of the Family Farm,’ Canadian Journal of Law and Society 25(1): 7595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, Winnie (2013) ‘Cohabitation, Civil Partnership, Marriage and the Equal Sharing Principle,’ Legal Studies 33(1): 4665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Civil code revision office (1968) Report on Matrimonial Regimes. Montreal.Google Scholar
Cohen, Lloyd (1987) ‘Marriage, Divorce, and Quasi Rents; Or, “I Gave Him the Best Years of My Life”,’ Journal of Legal Studies 16(2): 267303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coltrane, Scott and Sdams, Michele (2008) Gender and Families, 2nd edn.Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Conrad, Ryan (ed.) (2010) Against Equality: Queer Critiques of Gay Marriage. Lewiston: Against Equality Publishing Collective.Google Scholar
Cooper, Davina (2004) Challenging Diversity: Rethinking Equality and the Value of Difference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diduck, Alison (2007) ‘“If Only We Can Find the Appropriate Terms to Use the Issue Will Be Solved”: Law, Identity and Parenthood,’ Child and Family Law Quarterly 19(4): 458–80.Google Scholar
Diduck, Alison and Orton, Helena (1994) ‘Equality and Support for Spouses,’ Modern Law Review 57(5): 681702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donovan, Catherine (forthcoming in 2014) ‘Tackling Inequality in the Intimate Sphere: Problematizing Love and Violence in Same-Sex Relationships,’ in Leckey, Robert (ed.), After Legal Equality: Family, Sex, Kinship. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Duncan, Simon, Carter, Julia, Phillips, Miranda, Roseneil, Sasha and Stoilova, Mariya (2012) ‘Legal Rights for People Who “Live Apart Together”?,’ Journal of Social Welfare & Family Law 34(4): 443–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelman, Lee (2004) No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Ellickson, Robert C. (2010) The Household: Informal Order around the Hearth. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emens, Elizabeth F. (2007) ‘Name Changing: Framing Rules and the Future of Marital Names,’ University of Chicago Law Review 74(3): 761863.Google Scholar
Esmail, Ashraf (2010) ‘“Negotiating Fairness”: A Study on How Lesbian Family Members Evaluate, Construct, and Maintain “Fairness” with the Division of Household Labor,’ Journal of Homosexuality 57(5): 591609.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faraday, Fay, Denike, Margaret and Stephenson, M. Kate (eds) (2009) Making Equality Real: Securing Substantive Equality under the Charter, 2nd edn.Toronto: Irwin Law.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Lucinda (2008) ‘Family, Social Inequalities, and the Persuasive Force of Interpersonal Obligation,’ International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family 22(1): 6190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Nancy (1997) Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the ‘Postsocialist’ Condition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
George, Rob (2012) ‘Lawrence v Gallagher [2012] EWCA Civ 394 – Playing a Straight Bat in Civil Partnership Appeals?,’ Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 34(3): 357–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giddings, Lisa A. (1998) ‘Political Economy and the Construction of Gender: The Example of Housework within Same-Sex Households,’ Feminist Economics 4(2): 97106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossi, Renata (2012) ‘The Meaning of Love in the Debate for Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Marriage in Australia,’ International Journal of Law in Context 8(4): 487505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Brenda (2011) ‘Equality and Autonomy in Family Law,’ Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 33(1): 314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halley, Janet E. (2000) ‘“Like Race” Arguments,’ in Butler, Judith, Guillory, John and Thomas, Kendall (eds), What's Left of Theory? New Work on the Politics of Literary Theory. New York: Routledge, 4074.Google Scholar
Halley, Janet E. (2001) ‘Recognition, Rights, Regulation, Normalization: Rhetorics of Justification in the Same-Sex Marriage Debate,’ in Wintemute, Robert and Andenæs, Mads (eds), Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnerships: A Study of National, European, and International Law. Oxford: Hart, 97111.Google Scholar
Halley, Janet E. (2011) ‘Does Law Have an Outside?’ Osgoode CLPE Research Paper No 2/2011 [online]. Available at: <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1696244> (last accessed 2 November 2012).+(last+accessed+2+November+2012).>Google Scholar
Harding, Rosie (2011) Regulating Sexuality: Legal Consciousness in Lesbian and Gay Lives. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Heaphy, Brian (2008) ‘The Sociology of Lesbian and Gay Reflexivity or Reflexive Sociology?,’ Sociological Research Online, 13: 9.Google Scholar
Heaphy, Brian (2011) ‘Gay Identities and the Culture of Class,’ Sexualities 14(1): 4262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heaphy, Brian, Smart, Carol and Einarsdottir, Anna (2013) Same-sex Marriages: New Generations, New Relationships. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herring, Jonathan (2005) ‘Why Financial Orders on Divorce Should Be Unfair,’ International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family 19(2): 218–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, Rosemary C. (ed.) (2008) Rethinking Equality Projects in Law: Feminist Challenges. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Joshi, Yuvraj (2012) ‘Respectable Queerness,’ Columbia Human Rights Law Review 43(2): 415–67.Google Scholar
Julien, Danielle and Chartrand, Élise (1997) ‘La psychologie familiale des gais et des lesbiennes: perspective de la tradition scientifique nord-américaine,’ Sociologie et Sociétés 29(1): 7181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasirer, Nicholas (1995) ‘Testing the Origins of the Family Patrimony in Everyday Law,’ Les Cahiers de droit 36: 795841.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasirer, Nicholas (2006) ‘The Dance Is One,’ in Normand, Sylvio (ed.), Mélanges offerts au professeur François Frenette: Études portant sur le droit patrimonial. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval, 1331.Google Scholar
Kelly, Fiona (2009) ‘(Re)forming Parenthood: The Assignment of Legal Parentage within Planned Lesbian Families,’ Ottawa Law Review 40(2): 185222.Google Scholar
Klawitter, Marieka (2008) ‘The Effects of Sexual Orientation and Marital Status on How Couples Hold Their Money,’ Review of Economics of the Household 6(4): 423–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurdek, Lawrence A. (2007) ‘The Allocation of Household Labor by Partners in Gay and Lesbian Couples,’ Journal of Family Issues 28(1): 132–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law commission (2011) ‘Marital Property Agreements’ [online]. Law Com CP198. London: TSO. Available at: <http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp198_Marital_Property_Agreements_Consultation.pdf> (last accessed 2 November 2012).+(last+accessed+2+November+2012).>Google Scholar
Law commission (2012) ‘Matrimonial Property, Needs and Agreements’ [online]. Law Com CP208. London: TSO. Available at: <http://lawcommission.justice.gov.uk/docs/cp208_matrimonial_property.pdf> (last accessed 2 November 2012).+(last+accessed+2+November+2012).>Google Scholar
Leckey, Robert (2009) Families in the Eyes of the Law: Contemporary Challenges and the Grip of the Past. IRPP Choices 15, no. 8.Google Scholar
Leckey, Robert (2011) ‘Gimme Shelter,’ Dalhousie Law Journal 34(1): 197228.Google Scholar
Leckey, Robert (2013) ‘Marriage and the Data on Same-sex Couples,’ Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 35(2): 179–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leckey, Robert (ed.) (forthcoming in 2014) After Legal Equality: Family, Sex, Kinship. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Man Yee Karen (2010) Equality, Dignity, and Same-Sex Marriage: A Rights Disagreement in Democratic Societies. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefebvre, Brigitte (2011) Les régimes matrimoniaux: contrat de mariage, séparation de biens, société d'acquêts. Cowansville: Yvon Blais.Google Scholar
Lyssens-Danneboom, Vicky, Eggermont, Sven and Mortelmans, Dimitri (2013) ‘Living Apart Together (LAT) and Law: Exploring Legal Expectations Among LAT Individuals in Belgium,’ Social & Legal Studies 22(3): 357–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maclean, Mavis (ed.) (2007) Parenting after Partnering: Containing Conflict after Separation. Portland: Hart.Google Scholar
Malaurie, Philippe and Aynès, Laurent (2010) Les régimes matrimoniaux, 3rd edn.Paris: Defrénois.Google Scholar
Millbank, Jenni (2008) ‘The Limits of Functional Family: Lesbian Mother Litigation in the Era of the Eternal Biological Family,’ International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family 22(2): 149–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monk, Daniel (2010) ‘Commentary on Re G (Children) (Residence: Same-Sex Partner),’ in Hunter, Rosemary C., McGlynn, Clare and Rackley, Erika (eds), Feminist Judgments: From Theory to Practice. Oxford: Hart, 96101.Google Scholar
Monk, Daniel (2011) ‘Sexuality and Succession Law: Beyond Formal Equality,’ Feminist Legal Studies 19(3): 231–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monk, Daniel (forthcoming in 2014) ‘Sexuality and Children Post-Equality,’ in Leckey, Robert (ed.), After Legal Equality: Family, Sex, Kinship. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Moore, Mignon R. (2008) ‘Gendered Power Relations among Women: A Study of Household Decision Making in Black, Lesbian Stepfamilies,’ American Sociological Review 73(2): 335–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrie, Kenneth McK. (2000) ‘Marriage Is for Heterosexuals – May the Rest of Us Be Saved from It,’ Child and Family Law Quarterly 12(4): 363–69.Google Scholar
Oerton, Sarah (1997) ‘“Queer Housewives?” Some Problems in Theorizing the Division of Domestic Labour in Lesbian and Gay Households,’ Women's Studies International Forum 20(3): 421–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osterlund, Katherine (2009) ‘Love, Freedom and Governance: Same-sex Marriage in Canada,’ Social & Legal Studies 18(1): 93109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perlesz, Amaryll, Power, Jennifer, Brown, Rhonda, Mcnair, Ruth, Schofield, Margot, Pitts, Marian, Barrett, Anna and Bickerdike, Andrew (2010) ‘Organising Work and Home in Same-Sex Parented Families: Findings From the Work Love Play Study,’ Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 31(4): 374–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pineau, Jean and Pratte, Marie (2006) La famille. Montreal: Thémis.Google Scholar
Probert, Rebecca (2009) ‘Cohabitation: Current Legal Solutions,’ Current Legal Problems 62(1): 316–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prokos, Anastasia H. and Keene, Jennifer Reid (2010) ‘Poverty Among Cohabiting Gay and Lesbian, and Married and Cohabiting Heterosexual Families,’ Journal of Family Issues 31(7): 934–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quebec research centre of private & comparative law (1999) Private Law Dictionary of the Family and Bilingual Lexicons. Cowansville: Yvon Blais.Google Scholar
Ristock, Janice L. (ed.) (2011) Intimate Partner Violence in LGBTQ Lives. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, Alain (2000) ‘L'encadrement législatif des rapports pécuniaires entre époux: un grand ménage s'impose pour les nouveaux ménages,’ Les Cahiers de droit 41(4): 657–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, Alain (2003) ‘Le régime juridique de l'union civile: entre symbolisme et anachronisme,’ in Lafond, Pierre-Claude and Lefebvre, Brigitte (eds), L'union civile: nouveaux modèles de conjugalité et de parentalité au 21e siècle. Cowansville: Yvon Blais, 165–92.Google Scholar
Schecter, Ellen, Tracy, Allison J., Page, Konjit V. and Luong, Gloria (2008) ‘Shall We Marry? Legal Marriage as a Commitment Event in Same-Sex Relationships,’ Journal of Homosexuality 54(4): 400422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sharpe, Alex (2012) ‘Transgender Marriage and the Legal Obligation to Disclose Gender History,’ Modern Law Review 75(1): 3353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shipman, Beccy and Smart, Carol (2007) ‘“It's Made a Huge Difference”: Recognition, Rights and the Personal Significance of Civil Partnerships,’ Sociological Research Online 12(1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, S. E., Rothblum, E. D. and Balsam, K. F. (2005) ‘Money, Housework, Sex, and Conflict: Same-Sex Couples in Civil Unions, Those Not in Civil Unions, and Heterosexual Married Siblings,’ Sex Roles 52(9): 561–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spade, Dean (2011) Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics, and the Limits of Law. Brooklyn, NY: South End Press.Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass R. and Thaler, Richard H. (2003) ‘Libertarian Paternalism Is Not an Oxymoron,’ University of Chicago Law Review 70(4): 1159–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutphin, Suzanne Taylor (2010) ‘Social Exchange Theory and the Division of Household Labor in Same-Sex Couples,’ Marriage & Family Review 46(3): 191206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warner, Michael (2000) The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Weeks, Jeffrey, Heaphy, Brian and Donovan, Catherine (2001) Same Sex Intimacies: Families of Choice and Other Life Experiments. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Weston, Kath (1996) Render Me, Gender Me: Lesbians Talk Sex, Class, Color, Nation, Studmuffins. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Weston, Kath (1997) Families We Choose: Lesbians, Gays, Kinship. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Young, Claire F. L. and Boyd, Susan B. (2006) ‘Losing the Feminist Voice? Debates on the Legal Recognition of Same Sex Partnership in Canada,’ Feminist Legal Studies 14(2): 213–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar