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TIMBER TRADE ORGANIZATIONS IN SHANGHAI: INSTITUTIONS, ENFORCEMENT, AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION, 1880–1930

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 July 2017

Meng Zhang
Meng Zhang*
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles E-mail [email protected]
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Abstract

This study focuses on the mechanisms of contract enforcement and dispute resolution in the trade of timber in Shanghai from the 1880s to the 1930s. It shows that merchant guilds, chambers of commerce, and the court system constituted complementary institutions of contract enforcement. Timber trade guilds relied on reputation mechanisms and information sharing to maintain intra-group solidarity and monitor outside trading partners. Horizontal communications among timber guilds in different localities further enhanced their capability to respond promptly to cross-regional cases. When disputes escalated beyond the scope of a single merchant guild, chambers of commerce (after 1904) and the court system became involved. Vertical communications among these organizations strengthened the continuity from informal norms of business practices to guild regulations, and thence to adjudications in court. Whereas the typical story, drawn from European history, was one of transition toward more formal institutions, this case study shows that formal and informal institutions could complement each other and that they existed along a continuum rather than in separated spheres. The convergence of the expected outcomes as a result of resorting to different platforms of dispute resolution reinforced the consistency and credibility of the cost of defaulting.

Keywords

contract enforcementformal and informal institutionsmerchant guildschamber of commercemixed courtstimberShanghai
Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 14 , Issue 2 , July 2017 , pp. 143 - 170
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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References

REFERENCES

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SHMA Shanghai Municipal Archives [SHMA], fonds NO. S145.Google Scholar
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“Shanghai muye jianshi ziliao” “Shanghai muye jianshi ziliao” 上海木業簡史資料 (“Materials on a Brief History of the Shanghai Timber Industry”), SHMA S145-3-1-12 (1953).Google Scholar
Shenbao Shenbao 申報 Digital Archive, 1872–1949.Google Scholar
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Aslanian 2011 Aslanian, Sebouh. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Bourgon 2002 Bourgon, Jerome. “Uncivil Dialogue: Law and Custom Did Not Merge into Civil Law under the Qing.” Late Imperial China 23:1 (2002), pp. 50–90.Google Scholar
Ch'iu 2009 Ch'iu Pengsheng, 邱澎生. “Guofa yu banggui: Qingdai qianqi Chongqing cheng de chuanyun jiufen jiejue jizhi” 國法與幫規: 清代前期重慶城的船運糾紛解決機制 (“State Law and Guild Rules: The Mechanisms for Resolving Shipping Disputes in Early-Qing Chongqing”). In Ming Qing falü yunzuo zhong de quanli yu wenhua 明清法律運作中的權力與文化 (“Power and Culture in the Operation of Law during the Ming-Qing period”), ed. Pengsheng, Ch'iu and Xiyuan, Chen 陳熙遠, pp. 275–344. Taipei: Academia Sinica, 2009.Google Scholar
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Dykstra 2014 Dykstra, Maura D. “Complicated Matters: Commercial Dispute Resolution in Qing Chongqing from 1750 to 1911.” Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles, 2014.Google Scholar
Dykstra 2013 Dykstra, Maura D. “Beyond the Shadow of the Law: Firm Insolvency, State-Building, and the New Policy Bankruptcy Reform in Late Qing Chongqing.” Frontiers of History in China 8:3 (2013), pp. 406–33.Google Scholar
Fan et al. 2007 Fan Jinmin, 范金民, Yang, Yao 姚暘 and Yi, Ni 倪毅. Ming Qing shangshi jiufen yu shangye susong 明清商事纠纷与商业诉讼 (“Commercial Disputes and Lawsuits in Ming-Qing China”). Nanjing: Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe, 2007.Google Scholar
Gelderblom 2013 Gelderblom, Oscar. Cities of Commerce: The Institutional Foundations of International Trade in the Low Countries, 1250–1650. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Goldberg 2012 Goldberg, Jessica. Trade and Institutions in the Medieval Mediterranean: The Geniza Merchants and Their Business World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Greif 2006 Greif, Avner. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Huang 2001 Huang, Philip C. Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China: The Qing and the Republic Compared. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.Google Scholar
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Huang 2011 Huang Yuansheng, 黄源盛. Mingchu Daliyuan Yu Caipan 民初大理院與裁判 (“The Supreme Court and Its Judgments in Early Republican China”). Taipei: Angle Publishing, 2011.Google Scholar
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Lucassen et al. 2008 Lucassen, Jan, De Moor, Tine and van Zanden, Jan Luiten. The Return of the Guilds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Lydon 2009 Lydon, Ghislaine. On Trans-Saharan Trails: Islamic Law, Trade Networks, and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Nineteenth-Century Western Africa. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Ma 1996 Ma Min, 马敏. “Shangshi caipan yu shanghui: lun wan Qing Suzhou shangshi jiufen de tiaochu” 商事裁判与商会——论晚清苏州商事纠纷的调处 (“Commercial Adjudication and the Chamber of Commerce: On the Resolution of Commercial Disputes in Late Qing Suzhou”). Lishi yanjiu 历史研究 1 (1996), pp. 30–43.Google Scholar
Ma and Fu 2015 Ma Min, 马敏 and Haiyan, Fu 付海晏. Zhongguo jindai shanghui tongshi 中国近代商会通史 (“The General History of Modern Chinese Chamber of Commerce”). 4 vols. Beijing: Shehui Kexue Wenxian Chubanshe, 2015.Google Scholar
Ma and Zhu 1993 Ma Min, 马敏 and Ying, Zhu 朱英. 1993. Chuantong yu jindai de erchong bianzou — Wan Qing Suzhou shanghui ge'an yanjiu 传统与近代的二重变奏—晚晴苏州商会个案研究 (“A Duet of Tradition and Modernity: Case Studies from Late-Qing Suzhou Chamber of Commerce”). Chengdu: Bashu Shushe, 1993.Google Scholar
Mann 1987 Mann, Susan. Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy: 1750–1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Morse 1909 Morse, Hosea B. The Guilds of China. Shanghai: Kelly & Wash, 1909.Google Scholar
Negishi 1951 Negishi Tadashi, 根岸 佶. Shanhai no girudo 上海のギルド (“The Guilds of Shanghai”). Tokyo: Nihon Hyōronsha, 1951.Google Scholar
North 1990 North, Douglass C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
North et al 2009 North, Douglass C., Wallis, John Joseph and Weingast, Barry R.. Violence and Social Orders. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Olson 1965 Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.Google Scholar
Peng 1988 Peng Zeyi, 彭泽益. “Zhongguo hanghui shi yanjiu de jige wenti” 中国行会史研究的几个问题 (“Several Issues in the Study of the History of Chinese Guilds”). Lishi yanjiu 历史研究 6 (1988).Google Scholar
Rosenthal and Wong 2011 Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent and Wong, R. Bin. Before and Beyond Divergence: The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.Google Scholar
Rowe 1984 Rowe, William T. Hankow: Commerce and Society in a Chinese City, 1796–1889. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Shiga 1998 Shiga Shūzō, 滋賀 秀三. “Qingdai susong zhidu zhi minshi fayuan de gaikuo xing kaocha: qing, li, fa” 清代诉讼制度之民事法源的概括性考察——情、理、法 (“An Overall Study on the Civil Origin of Qing Litigation: Emotion, Reason, and Law”). In Ming Qing shiqi de minshi shenpan yu minjian qiyue 明清时期的民事审判与民间契约 (“Civil Adjudication and Private Contracts in Ming-Qing Period”), ed. Yaxin, Wang 王亚新 and Zhiping, Liang 梁治平, pp. 19–53. Beijing: Falü Chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar
Shiga 1996 Shiga Shūzō, 滋賀 秀三. “Shindai no minji saiban ni tsuite” 清代の民事裁判について (“On Civil Adjudication in Qing China”). Chūgoku shakai to bunka 中国社会と文化 11:12 (1996), pp. 226–52.Google Scholar
Stephens 1992 Stephens, Thomas B. Order and Discipline in China: The Shanghai Mixed Court, 1911–27. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Weng 1940 Weng Lixin, 翁禮馨. Fujian zhi mucai 福建之木材 (“Timber of Fujian”). Fuzhou: Fujian Sheng Zhengfu Mishuchu Tongjishi 福建省政府秘書處統計室, 1940.Google Scholar
Williamson 1993 Williamson, Oliver E. “Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization.” Journal of Law and Economics 36:1 (1993), pp. 453–86.Google Scholar
Wong 2002 Wong, R. Bin. “Formal and Informal Mechanisms of Rule and Economic Development: The Qing Empire in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Early Modern History 5:4 (2002), pp. 387–408.Google Scholar
Yang 2006 Yang Xiangjun, 杨湘钧. Diguo zhi bian yu guatou zhi lian: Shanghai Huishen Gongxie quanli guanxi bianqian yanjiu 帝国之鞭与寡头之链——上海会审公廨权力关系变迁研究 (“The Whip of the Empire and the Chains of Oligarchs: A Study on the Changes in the Power Relations of Shanghai Mixed Courts”). Beijing: Beijing Daxue Chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar
Zelin et al. 2004 Zelin, Madeleine, Ocko, Jonathan K. and Gardella, Robert. Contract and Property in Early Modern China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang 2011 Zhang Wei, 张玮. Shichang, shangren zuzhi, chanye fazhan: yi shanghai chouduan ye wei li, 1900–1930 市场、商人组织、产业发展: 以上海绸缎业为例 (“Market, Merchant Organizations, and Industrial Development: The Silk Industry in Shanghai as an Example”). Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 2011.Google Scholar
“Zhejiang zhi mucai” “Zhejiang zhi mucai” 浙江之木材 (“Timber of Zhejiang”). Zhongguo jingji zhoukan 中國經濟周刊, 219 (1927).Google Scholar
Zhu 2006 Zhu Rong, 朱榕. “Cong tongye gongsuo dao tongye gonghui: 1858 nian zhi 1937 nian Shanghai muye tongye zhuzhi de jindai hua” 从同业公所到同业公会——1858年至1937年上海木业同业组织的近代化 (“From Associations to Guilds: Modernization of the Shanghai Timber Trade Organizations from 1858 to 1937”). In Dang'an li de Shanghai 档案里的上海 (“Shanghai in the Archives”), ed. Shanghai Municipal Archives. Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar