No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Disabled people and the labor market in the 1950s: the Japanese experience
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 March 2021
Abstract
Outbreaks of war create large numbers of disabled people. After Japan's defeat in World War II, the Japanese government, under the policy of GHQ, began to create labor policies for disabled soldiers and the general disabled. However, historical research on the labor market participation of the disabled in Japan has not progressed. This study examines the job placement program for the physically disabled in the immediate postwar period. The end of the war encouraged the participation of people with disabilities in the labor market. In the early 1950s, the Ministry of Labor actively tried to find jobs for the disabled to improve the lives of disabled soldiers and bring new labor market participation to disabled people. This research revealed an active debate on whether the participation of disabled people in the labor market should be promoted by coercive state policies requiring companies to hire people with disabilities or by public support. Through analysis of the labor market for disabled people in 1950s, we will provide hints for deeper thinking about who the workers are and what it means to work in our society.
Keywords
- Type
- Featured Essays on the History of Disability in Japan
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press
References
Akazawa, S. (2010). The question of the war veteran pension in the 1950s (1). Ritsumeikan Law Review, 1461–1492. [Original in Japanese: 「1950年代の軍人恩給問題（1）」『立命館法学』、１（1461）-32(1492)頁.]Google Scholar
Akazawa, S. (2012). The question of the war veteran pension in the 1950s (2): Conclusion. Ritsumeikan Law Review, 511–552. [Original in Japanese: 「1950年代の軍人恩給問題(2)・完」『立命館法学』、511(511)-552(552)頁.]Google Scholar
Arimura, S. (2014). “Is the Diversity Management and Employment of Disabled Persons Consistent or Not?” The Japan Institute of Labour Monthly Journal 646, pp. 51–63. [Original in Japanese: 「ダイバーシティ・マネジメントと障害者雇用は整合的か否か」『日本労働研究雑誌』5月号（No.646）、独立行政法人労働政策研究・研修機構、51-63頁.]Google Scholar
Central Joint-Council for the Promotion of the Employment of Physically Disabled Persons Committee (1952a). “Second Deliberation of the Central Joint-Council for the Promotion of the Employment of Physically Disabled Persons on May 6 (1952).” Employment Security Public Report 3:7, pp. 16–26. [Original in Japanese: 身体障害者雇用促進中央協議会の審議第2回5月6日」(1952)『職業安定広報』3(7)、16–26頁.]Google Scholar
Central Joint-Council for the Promotion of the Employment of Physically Disabled Persons Committee (1952b). “Fourth Central Joint-Council for the Promotion of the Employment of Physically Disabled Persons.” Employment Security Public Report 3:9, pp. 16–28. [Original in Japanese: 「身体障害者雇用促進中央協議会第4回」(1952)『職業安定広報』3(9)、16-28頁.]Google Scholar
Employment Security Law (1947). Available at https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/search/elawsSearch/elaws_search/lsg0500/detail?lawId=322AC0000000141#133.Google Scholar
Employment Security Section (1959). “The Current State of Affairs Regarding Employment Introductions for Physically Disabled Persons.” Employment Security Public Report 10:5, pp. 11–13. [Original in Japanese: 「身体障害者職業紹介の情況」（1959）『職業安定広報』10(5)、11-13頁.]Google Scholar
Enoshita, Nakamura, Ohmori, Nakadate, Tutiya, Kojima, Yoshida, Soga, Shiratori, Itoh, Yuki, Maezaki, and Maruyama (1954). “The Sixth Joint-Council for the Promotion of the Employment of Physically Disabled Persons 1: Survey on Employed and Unemployed Individuals, Ministry of Labor, Employment Security Bureau.” Employment Security Public Report 5:1, pp. 43–44. [Original in Japanese: 「第６回身体障害者雇用促進協議会その1就職と未就職調査」（1954）労働省職業安定局『職業安定広報』5(1)、43-44頁.]Google Scholar
Furuhata, M, Sayanagi, T., Tanikou, T., Watanuki, Y., Nakahara, R., Harada, T. and Abe, Y. (1958). “Roundtable: Frontline Experts Discuss Vocational Support for Physically Disabled Persons.” Employment Security Public Report 9:9, pp. 16–20. [Original in Japanese:「座談会第一線エキスパートが語る身体障害者の職業援護〈昭和33年7月23日・労働省にて〉労働省職業安定局（1958）『職業安定広報』9(9)、16-20頁. ]Google Scholar
Gerber, David A. (ed.) (2012). Disabled Veterans in History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harada, T. (1959). “Specific Measures of the Promotion of Work for the Physically Disabled at the Counter.” Employment Security Public Report 11:9, pp. 13–15,45. [Original in Japanese: 「職安窓口における身体障害者業務推進の具体的方策」（1960）労働省職業安定局『職業安定広報』11(9)、13-15,45頁.]Google Scholar
Inoki, T. (2014). Working in the future. Iwanami Press, pp.v-viii. [Original in Japanese: 「まえがき」猪木武徳編『〈働く〉はこれから成熟社会の労働を考える』岩波書店、v-viii.]Google Scholar
Jennings, Audra (2016). Out of the Horrors of War: Disability Politics in World War II America (Politics and Culture in Modern America). University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kambayashi, R. (2017). Regular and Non-Regular Worlds: Fundamental Issues in Contemporary Japanese Labor Economics. Keio University Press. [Original in Japanese: 『正規の世界・非正規の世界現代日本労働経済学の基本問題』慶應義塾大学出版会.]Google Scholar
Kitamura, Y. (2015). “War Disability in Germany in the First Half of the 20th Century-Two World Wars and the Transition of Life Support.” Academic Journal for Historical Studies of Social Welfare 48, pp. 63–78. [Original in Japanese:「20世紀前半ドイツにおける戦争障害者-二つの世界大戦と生活支援の変遷-.『社会事業史研究』48号、63-78頁.]Google Scholar
Kosaka, Z. (1953). “The Fifth Joint-Council for the Promotion of the Employment of Physically Disabled Persons 2: Policy Deliberations.” Employment Security Public Report 4:13, pp. 38–41. 閣下[Original in Japanese: 「第5回身体障害者雇用促進中央協議会その2施策に対する討議」（1953）『職業安定広報』4（13）、38-41頁.]Google Scholar
Makimura, S. (1979). The Course of Thirty Years (Commemorative Publication on the Thirtieth Anniversary of Foundation). Kanagawa Prefecture: Kanagawa Prefectural Vocational Training School for Physically Disabled Persons, pp. 12-13. [Original in Japanese: 「30周年によせて初代校長牧村進」神奈川県身体障害者職業訓練校『30年のあゆみ（創立30周年記念誌）』神奈川県身体障害者職業訓練校、12-13頁.] Makimura, S. and Tsujimura, Y. (1942). Vocational Rehabilitation for The Disabled Veterans. Tokyo: Toyo Published Company. [Original in Japanese: 『傷痍軍人労務補導』東洋書館.]Google Scholar
Matsui, Akihiko (2017). (Economic Quarterly Review) The Market and the Division of Labor: Time to Explore A Brighter Role. The Asahi Shimbun Morning Edition, 4/29/2017, Tokyo, Morning Edition [Original in Japanese: 「（経済季評）市場と分業輝ける役割、探るとき」『朝日新聞』2017年4月29日、東京、朝刊.]Google Scholar
Ministry of Labor (ed.) (1982). History of Labor Administration Volume 3. Tokyo: Rodohoreikyokai. [Original in Japanese: 『労働行政史第３巻』財団法人労働法令協会.]Google Scholar
Murakami, K. (1987). Welfare Policy in the Occupation Period. Tokyo: Keiso Shobo. [Original in Japanese: 『占領期の福祉政策』勁草書房.]Google Scholar
Nagahiro, T. (2014). “Industrialization and Disabled Persons: An Analysis of the Factory Law Enforcement Order.” In Yamashita, M. (ed.) Disabled Persons in History. Tokyo: Hosei University Press, pp. 133–68. [Original in Japanese: 「工業化と障害者工場法施行令の分析」山下麻衣編『歴史のなかの障害者』法政大学出版局、133-168頁.]Google Scholar
Nakajima, T. (2011). Economics for the Disabled Persons. Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Inc. [Original in Japanese: 『障害者の経済学増補改訂版』東洋経済新報社.]Google Scholar
Nippon Lighthouse Welfare Center for The Blind. (July 16) http://www.lighthouse.or.jp/helenkeller.html.Google Scholar
Noguchi, T. (2015). “Commentary: The Change From Protective Measures for Injured Persons to Welfare for the Physically Disabled and the Legislation Involved in Such.” In Terawaki, T. (ed.) Reference Materials: Welfare System of Post-War Japan VII, Fundamental Materials on Injured and Disabled Persons, Vol.4 Establishment, and Enforcement of the Physically Disabled Persons Welfare Act (1), Tokyo: Kashiwashobo, pp. 5–29. [Original in Japanese: 「解説傷痍者保護対策から身体障害者福祉への転換と法整備」寺脇隆夫編『資料集戦後日本の社会福祉制度VII 傷痍者・障害者福祉基本資料第4巻身体障害者福祉法の成立・施行（1）』柏書房.]Google Scholar
Pennington, Lee K. (2015). Casualties of History: Wounded Japanese Servicemen and the Second World War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Policy on employment quotas and pensions for families of disabled war veterans moves to the regular Diet. The Asahi Shimbun, 10/20/1951, Tokyo, Morning Edition. [Original in Japanese: 「強制雇用と年金戦傷者遺家族対策を通常国会へ」『朝日新聞』1951年10月20日、東京、朝刊.]Google Scholar
Saito, K. (Employment Security Bureau Chief) (1952). “On the Occasion of Promotion of Employment for Physically Disabled Persons Week.” Employment Security Public Report 3:9, pp. 6–8. [Original in Japanese: 「身体障害者雇用促進週間に当って」(1952)『職業安定広報』3(9)、6-8頁.]Google Scholar
Speech by Mr. Hashimoto, Chief Diplomatic Advisor, “Challenges of Japan's Aging Population,” January 25, 2000 (at Ronald Reagan Center, USA) (January 15) https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/enzetsu/12/ekh_0125.html.Google Scholar
Sugayama, S. (2011). Birth of the “Lifelong Employment” Society: From White Collar to Blue Collar. Nagoya: The University of Nagoya Press. [Original in Japanese: 『「就社」社会の誕生：ホワイトカラーからブルーカラーへ』名古屋大学出版会.]Google Scholar
Terawaki, T. (ed.) (2015a). Reference Materials: Welfare System of Post-War Japan VII, Fundamental Materials on Injured and Disabled Persons Vol. 1 Support and Protection Measures for Injured Persons (1). Tokyo: Kashiwashobo. [Original in Japanese: 『資料集戦後日本の社会福祉制度VII 傷痍者・障害者福祉基本資料第１巻傷痍者援護・保護対策（１）』柏書房.]Google Scholar
Terawaki, T. (ed.) (2015b). Reference Materials: Welfare System of Post-War Japan VII, Fundamental Materials on Injured and Disabled Persons, Vol.5 Establishment, and Enforcement of the Physically Disabled Persons Welfare Act (2). Tokyo: Kashiwashobo. [Original in Japanese: 『資料集戦後日本の社会福祉制度VII 傷痍者・障害者福祉基本資料第5巻身体障害者福祉法の成立・施行（２）』柏書房.]Google Scholar
Tezuka, N. (2000). Employment of Physically Disabled Persons in Japan: History, Current Situation, and Issues. Tokyo: Koseikan. [Original in Japanese: 『日本の障害者雇用その歴史・現状・課題』光生館.]Google Scholar
The Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled People (Cabinet Office, Government of Japan) 「アジア太平洋障害者の十年」について（内閣府障害者施策） (January 10) https://www8.cao.go.jp/shougai/asianpacific/ap10summary.html.Google Scholar
Toyama, J. (Employment Security Section Chief) (1952). “On the Occasion of the Implementation of the Measures for Vocational Rehabilitation for Physically Disabled Persons.” Employment Security Public Report 3:5, pp. 6–9. [Original in Japanese:「身体障害者の職業更生対策の実施にあたって」(1952)『職業安定広報』3(5)、6-9頁.]Google Scholar
Ueda, S. (2015). “The Overlapping of Measures for the Unemployed and Physically Disabled: Sorting out Vocational Training for Disabled Persons.” The Annual Report of Research of Otani University 67, pp. 115–64. [Original in Japanese: 「失業者対策と傷痍者対策の重複-障害者に対する職業訓練のふりわけ-」「大谷大學研究年報 (67)」115-164.]Google Scholar
Ueno, M. (2003). “Post-war Life for Disabled Veterans as Seen Through the Moves to Eliminate “White-Robed Beggars.” The Journal of Japanese Studies, Osaka University 22, pp. 95–116. [Original in Japanese: 「白衣募金者一掃運動に見る傷痍軍人の戦後」大阪大学日本学報(22)、95-116頁.]Google Scholar
Ueno, M. (2004). “The Anti-Rearmament Movement and the Issue of Disabled Veterans in Occupied Japan.” Journal of Ohara Institute for Social Research 550-551, pp. 1–16. [Original in Japanese:「占領下日本の再軍備反対論と傷痍軍人問題」『大原社会問題研究所雑誌』No.550・551、1-16頁.]Google Scholar
Ueno, M. (2007). “State of Research and the Current Situation Concerning Disabled war Veterans.” The Report on Japan's War Responsibility 55, pp. 64–70. [Originally in Japanese:「「傷痍軍人」をめぐる研究状況と現在」『戦争責任研究』 (55), 64-70頁.]Google Scholar
Unknown Author 1 (1953). “The Achievements of and Issues with Vocational Rehabilitation and Support for Physically Disabled Individuals.” Employment Security Public Report 4:9, pp. 12–13. [Original in Japanese: （著者不明1）「身体障害者に対する職業更生援護の業績と問題点」（1953）『職業安定広報』4(9)、12-13頁.]Google Scholar
Unknown Author 2 (1957). “Let's Understand the Vocational Abilities of Physically Disabled Persons: The Start of the Vocational Rehabilitation for Physically Disabled Persons Week.” Employment Security Public Report 8:9, pp. 36–37. [Original in Japanese: 「身体障害者の職業能力を理解しましょう身体障害者職業更生週間はじまる」（1957）労働省職業安定局『職業安定広報』8(9)、36-37頁.]Google Scholar
Unknown Author 3 (1958). “The Current Situation Concerning the Employment of Physically Disabled Persons: Results of the Survey of Individuals.” Employment Security Public Report 9:3, pp. 42–44. [Original in Japanese: 「身体障害者の就業状況個人調査の結果から」（1958）『職業安定広報』 9(3)、 42-44頁.]Google Scholar
Unknown Author 4 (1960). “Meeting Encourage Employment of the Physically Disabled.” Employment Security Public Report 11:6, pp. 40–42. [Original in Japanese: 身体障害者の就職を励ますつどい〈5/15 労働省にて〉『職業安定広報』11(6)、40-42頁.]Google Scholar
Yamakawa, I, Muranaka, K., Nakayama, H., Hagihara, H., Nakahara, R., Okabe, T., Kunii, K., Terada, M. and Matsumoto, I. (1955). “A Discussion on Vocational Support and Employment Policy for Physically Disabled Persons (Roundtable Discussion).” Employment Security Public Report 6:11, pp. 42–49. [Original in Japanese: 「身体障害者の職業援護と雇用施策を語る(座談会)」(1955)『職業安定広報』6(11)、42-49頁.]Google Scholar
Yamamura, R. (2019). Handbook the Policy for the Disabled. Kyoto: Minerva Shobo. [Original in Japanese: 『入門障害者政策』ミネルヴァ書房.]Google Scholar
Yamashita, M. (2014). “Primary Education and Children with Intellectual Disabilities: The Experience of The Elementary School of Tokyo City.” In Disabled Persons in History, ed. Yamashita, M., pp. 13–48. Tokyo: Hosei University Press, [Original in Japanese: 「初等教育と知的障害児東京市尋常小学校の特別学級を事例として」山下麻衣編『歴史のなかの障害者』法政大学出版局、13-48頁.]Google Scholar
Yoshitake appointed Minister of Welfare, and Minister of Labor, Kimura appointed governor of Administrative Management Agency, Hashimoto declares ideological differences. The Asahi Shimbun, 1/19/1952, Tokyo, Morning Edition. [Original in Japanese: 「厚相は吉武労相兼任行政管理庁木村総裁担当”観念の相違”橋本氏声明」『朝日新聞』1952年1月19日、東京、朝刊.]Google Scholar