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Illicit Trade in Wartime: Ukraine’s Trends and Challenges for Counteraction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2025

Olena Yu. Shostko*
Affiliation:
Ukrainian Center of Legal Studies, Ukraine
Viktor M. Dryomin
Affiliation:
National University “Odesa Law Academy”, Ukraine
Tetiana V. Melnychuk
Affiliation:
National University “Odesa Law Academy”, Ukraine Osnabrück University, Germany
Tetiana Ye. Dunaieva
Affiliation:
Аcademician Stashis Scientific Research Institute for the Study of Crime Problems of the National Ukrainian Academy of Law Sciences, Ukraine
*
Corresponding author: Olena Shostko; Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This theoretical and empirical study describes and explains the patterns of changes in domestic illicit trade and related transnational illicit flows of goods, services and money during the extreme social crises based on the case of the war in Ukraine. Depending on the legal status of the civil circulation of items, illicit trade is categorized into two groups: illicit (criminal) trade outside the economic sphere; and illicit (illegal) trade within the economic sphere. Typical destructive practices and their peculiarities during the war are considered in each group of illicit trade with the use of quantitative and qualitative methods. In terms of the dichotomy “war as a cause and consequence of crime”, this article addresses significant transformations in established criminal activities outside the official economy, such as drug trafficking and human trafficking, while also highlighting newly emerging crimes, specifically the illegal movement of conscripts across national borders. Furthermore, the article explores illegal trade within the economy, focusing on the trade in excisable goods and the new growing issue of abuse of humanitarian aid. The authors discuss the main deficiencies in adequate counteraction related to both war circumstances and systematic problems of state institutions, in particular, the criminal justice system.

Abstracto

Abstracto

Este estudio teórico y empírico describe y explica los patrones de cambio en el comercio ilícito interno y los flujos ilícitos transnacionales relacionados de bienes, servicios y dinero durante las crisis sociales extremas, basándose en el caso de la guerra en Ucrania. Según la situación jurídica de la circulación civil de artículos, el comercio ilícito se clasifica en dos grupos: comercio ilícito (criminal) fuera del ámbito económico y comercio ilícito (ilegal) dentro del ámbito económico. Se consideran las prácticas destructivas típicas y sus peculiaridades durante la guerra en cada grupo de comercio ilícito mediante el uso de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos. En cuanto a la dicotomía “la guerra como causa y consecuencia del delito”, este artículo destaca las transformaciones más significativas del “antiguo” comercio ilícito fuera de la economía (drogas y productos farmacéuticos, trata de personas) y el “nuevo” comercio ilícito: el movimiento ilegal de reclutas a través de las fronteras estatales, así como el comercio ilícito dentro de la economía (comercio de bienes sujetos a impuestos especiales, tanto regular como nuevo) y el abuso de la ayuda humanitaria. Los autores analizan las principales deficiencias en la lucha contra la delincuencia relacionada con las circunstancias de guerra y los problemas sistemáticos de las instituciones estatales, en particular el sistema de justicia penal.

Abstrait

Abstrait

Cette étude théorique et empirique décrit et explique les schémas d’évolution du commerce illicite national et des flux illicites transnationaux de biens, de services et d’argent qui y sont liés pendant les crises sociales extrêmes, en s’appuyant sur le cas de la guerre en Ukraine. Selon le statut juridique de la circulation civile des biens, le commerce illicite est classé en deux groupes : le commerce illicite (criminel) hors de la sphère économique et le commerce illicite (illégal) au sein de la sphère économique. Les pratiques destructrices typiques et leurs particularités pendant la guerre sont examinées dans chaque groupe de commerce illicite à l’aide de méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives. S’appuyant sur la dichotomie « la guerre comme cause et conséquence de la criminalité », cet article met en évidence les transformations les plus significatives de l’« ancien » commerce criminel hors de l’économie (drogues et produits pharmaceutiques, traite des êtres humains) et du « nouveau » commerce – la circulation illégale de conscrits à travers les frontières de l’État –, ainsi que du commerce illicite au sein de l’économie – le commerce de produits soumis à accises, en tant que type régulier et nouveau, et l’abus de l’aide humanitaire. Les auteurs analysent les principales lacunes des mesures de lutte adéquates, liées à la fois aux circonstances de la guerre et aux problèmes systémiques des institutions étatiques, en particulier du système de justice pénale.

摘要

摘要

本研究以乌克兰战争为例,通过理论和实证研究,描述和解释了极端社会危机期间国内非法贸易和相关跨国非法货物、服务和资金流动的变化模式。根据物品国内流通的法律地位,非法贸易分为两类:经济领域外的非法(犯罪)贸易和经济领域内的非法(非法)贸易。在每类非法贸易中,我们利用定量和定性方法,研究了战争期间典型的破坏性行为及其特点。就“战争是犯罪的原因和后果”这一二分法而言,本文强调了经济之外的“旧”犯罪贸易(毒品和药品、贩卖人口)和“新”犯罪贸易(非法跨越国界征兵)以及经济内部的非法贸易(常规类型和新类型的应税商品贸易)和滥用人道主义援助的最重要转变。作者讨论了与战争环境和国家机构(特别是刑事司法系统)的系统性问题有关的充分反制措施的主要缺陷。

ملخص

ملخص

تصف هذه الدراسة النظرية والتجريبية وتشرح أنماط التغيرات في التجارة غير المشروعة المحلية وما يتصل بها من تدفقات غير مشروعة عبر وطنية للسلع والخدمات والأموال خلال الأزمات الاجتماعية الحادة، استنادًا إلى حالة الحرب في أوكرانيا. ووفقًا للوضع القانوني للتداول المدني للسلع، تُصنف التجارة غير المشروعة إلى فئتين: التجارة غير المشروعة (الإجرامية) خارج المجال الاقتصادي، والتجارة غير المشروعة (غير القانونية) داخل المجال الاقتصادي. وتُدرس الممارسات التدميرية النموذجية وخصائصها خلال الحرب في كل فئة من فئات التجارة غير المشروعة باستخدام أساليب كمية ونوعية. من حيث ثنائية “الحرب كسبب ونتيجة للجريمة”، تسلط هذه المقالة الضوء على أهم التحولات في التجارة الإجرامية “القديمة” خارج الاقتصاد (المخدرات والأدوية والاتجار بالبشر) و“الجديدة” – الحركة غير القانونية للمجندين عبر حدود الدولة، وكذلك التجارة غير القانونية داخل الاقتصاد –التجارة في السلع الخاضعة للضريبة كنوع عادي ونوع جديد – وإساءة استخدام المساعدات الإنسانية. يناقش المؤلفون أوجه القصور الرئيسية في الإجراءات المضادة الكافية المتعلقة بكل من ظروف الحرب والمشاكل المنهجية لمؤسسات الدولة، ولا سيما نظام العدالة الجنائية.

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Article
Copyright
© International Society of Criminology, 2025

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