Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T11:27:45.840Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Criminological Perspective on Recruitment of Men and Women to Daesh

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2018

Jerzy Sarnecki*
Affiliation:
Chair of General Criminology, University of Stockholm and University of Gävle, Sweden
*
*Corresponding Author: Jerzy Sarnecki, Department of Criminology, University of Stockholm, Kriminologiska Institutionen, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Criminological research usually directs its focus at traditional forms of offending. The purpose of this article is to discuss the extent to which traditional criminological theories can be used to understand a modern form of terrorism. The main issue to explain is why young men and women from a Western European country, such as Sweden, are joining Daesh in Iraq and Syria. The conclusion is that many criminology theories are useful to analyse the factors behind the affiliation to Daesh. The majority of those recruited into this organization have in many respects a similar background to individuals recruited to other forms of serious organized violent crimes. It should be noted that many of the theories discussed in the paper are more relevant for the understanding of why men join Daesh. When it comes to the recruitment of women these theories’ explanatory value is more limited. However, this applies also to these theories’ ability to explain female crime in general.

Abstracto

La investigación criminológica generalmente dirige su enfoque a las formas tradicionales de ofender. El objetivo de este capítulo es analizar en qué medida las teorías criminológicas tradicionales pueden utilizarse para comprender una forma moderna de terrorismo. El principal problema a explicar es por qué los hombres y mujeres jóvenes de un país de Europa occidental, como Suecia, se unen a Daesh en Irak y Siria. La conclusión es que muchas teorías criminológicas son útiles para analizar los factores detrás de la afiliación a Daesh. La mayoría de los reclutados en esta organización tienen antecedentes en muchos aspectos similares a los reclutados para otras formas de crímenes violentos organizados graves. Cabe señalar que muchas de las teorías discutidas en el capítulo son más relevantes para la comprensión de por qué los hombres se unen a Daesh. Cuando se trata de la contratación de mujeres, estas teorías tienen un valor explicativo más limitado. Esto se aplica también, sin embargo, a la capacidad de estas teorías de explicar el crimen femenino en general.

Abstrait

La recherche criminologique se concentre généralement sur les formes traditionnelles de délinquance. Le but de ce chapitre est d’examiner dans quelle mesure les théories criminologiques traditionnelles peuvent être utilisées pour comprendre une forme moderne de terrorisme. La principale question à expliquer est la raison pour laquelle des jeunes hommes et femmes d’un pays d’Europe occidentale, comme la Suède, rejoignent Daech en Irak et en Syrie. La conclusion est que de nombreuses théories de la criminologie sont utiles pour analyser les facteurs derrière l’affiliation à Daesh. La majorité des personnes recrutées dans cette organisation ont, à bien des égards, des antécédents similaires à ceux des personnes recrutées dans d’autres formes de crimes violents organisés graves. Il convient de noter que nombre des théories présentées dans ce chapitre sont plus pertinentes pour comprendre pourquoi les hommes rejoignent Daesh. En ce qui concerne le recrutement des femmes, la valeur de ces théories est plus limitée. Cela vaut également pour les théories qui expliquent la criminalité féminine en général.

抽象

犯罪學研究通常將其重點放在傳統形式的犯罪上。本章的目的是討論傳統犯罪學理論在多大程度上可用於理解現代恐怖主義形式。要解釋的主要問題是為什麼來自西歐國家的年輕男女如瑞典加入伊拉克和敘利亞的Daesh。

結論是, 許多犯罪學理論對於分析與Daesh的歸屬背後的因素是有用的。招募到該組織的大多數人在許多方面與招募其他形式的嚴重有組織暴力犯罪的個人具有相似的背景。

應該指出的是, 本章中討論的許多理論與理解為什麼男人加入Daesh更為相關。在招聘女性方面, 這些理論的解釋價值更為有限。然而, 這也適用於這些理論解釋一般女性犯罪的能力。

نبذة مختصرة

عادة ما يوجه البحث الجنائي تركيزه على الأشكال التقليدية للإهانة. الغرض من هذا الفصل هو مناقشة مدى إمكانية استخدام النظريات الجنائية التقليدية لفهم شكل حديث من أشكال الإرهاب. تكمن القضية الرئيسية التي تفسر لماذا ينضم الشباب والشابات من دولة أوروبية غربية ، مثل السويد ، إلى داعش في العراق وسوريا.

الاستنتاج هو أن العديد من نظريات علم الإجرام مفيدة لتحليل العوامل الكامنة وراء الانتماء إلى داعش. ولجميع الذين جُنّدوا في هذه المنظمة ، من عدة جوانب ، خلفية مماثلة للأفراد المعينين في أشكال أخرى من جرائم العنف المنظمة الخطيرة.

تجدر الإشارة إلى أن العديد من النظريات التي تمت مناقشتها في الفصل أكثر ملاءمة لفهم سبب انضمام الرجال لداعش. عندما يتعلق الأمر بتجنيد النساء فهذه النظريات القيمة التوضيحية أكثر محدودية. هذا ينطبق أيضا ، مع ذلك ، على هذه النظرية القدرة على تفسير الجريمة النسائية بشكل عام.

Type
Article
Copyright
© 2018 International Society of Criminology 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Becker, Howard S . 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Brå. 2015. “Konstaterade fall av dödligt våld: Statistik 2014 (“Confirmed Cases of Lethal Violence: Statistics 2014).” Retrieved April 15, 2016 (https://www.bra.se/download/18.779f51ff14b839896441d7e/1427874983113/2015_Dödligt_våld_2014.pdf).Google Scholar
Carlsson, Christoffer . 2016. Att lämna våldsbejakande extremism: en kunskapsöversikt (To Leave Violent Extremism: A Systematic Review). Stockholm: Institutet för Framtidsstudier.Google Scholar
Carlsson, Christoffer Sarnecki, Jerzy . 2016. An Introduction to Life-Course Criminology. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Caspi, Avshalom , McClay, Joseph , Moffitt, Terrie E. , Mill, Jonathan , Martin, Judy , Craig, Ian W. , Taylor, Alan Poulton, Richie . 2002. “Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children.” Science 297(5582):851854. Retrieved April 20, 2016 (http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5582/851).Google Scholar
Chambliss, William Ryther, Thomas E. . 1975. Sociology: The Discipline and its Direction. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Cloward, Richard Ohlin, Lyloid E. . 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. Glencoe: Free Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Albert K. 1955. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. Glencoe: Free Press.Google Scholar
Connell, Raewyn W . [1995] 1999. Maskuliniteter (Masculinities). Translated by Åsa Lindén. Gothenburg: Daidalos.Google Scholar
Dahlbäck, Olof . 2009. “Diskrimineras invandrarna i anmälningar av brott (Discrimination Against Migrants in the Reporting of Crimes).” Occasional Paper Series. Stockholm: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Damasio, Antinio R. 1995. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Avon Books.Google Scholar
de los Reyes, Paulina , Magnus, Hörnqvist , Kristina, Boréus , Felipe, Estrada , Janne, Flyghed , Alejandro, González Arriagada , Marcus, Lundgre Lundström, Markus . 2014. “Bilen brinner… men problemen finns kvar: Berättelser om Husbyhändelser i maj 2013 (The Car Burns ... But the Problems are Still There: Stories of Husby Events in May 2013).” Retrieved September 28, 2018 (http://www.ima.kth.se/utb/MJ1501/2014/Bilenbrinner.pdf).Google Scholar
Farrington, David P. Murray, Joseph (editors). 2014. Labelling Theory: Empirical Tests (Advances in Criminological Theory). Vol. 18. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, Michael R. Hirschi, Travis . 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Hagan, John , Rymond-Richmond, Wenona Parker, Patricia . 2005. “The Criminology of Genocide: The Death and Rape of Darfur.” Criminology 43(3):525560.Google Scholar
Hällsten, Marin , Szulkin, Ryszard Sarnecki, Jerzy . 2013. “Crime as a Price of Inequality?British Journal of Criminology 53(1):456481.Google Scholar
Hatty, Suzanne E . 2000. Masculinities, Violence and Culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hirschi, Travis . 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Horgan, John . 2005. The Psychology of Terrorism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lander, Ingrid . 2014. “Doing Masculinities Right: The Police Force as Gendered Practices.” Pp. 7188 in Masculinities in the Criminological Field: Control, Vulnerability and Risk-Taking, edited by Ingrid Lander, Signe Ravn, and Nina Jon. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Laub, John H. Sampson, Robert J. . 2003. Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lemert, Edwin McCarthy . 1951. Social Pathology: Systematic Approach to the Theory of Sociopathic Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl Engels, Friedrich . [1848] 2009. Det kommunistiska manifestet (Manifesto of The Communist Party). Varberg: Nix Förlag.Google Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1938. “Social Structure and Anomie”. American Sociological Review 3(5):672682.Google Scholar
Messerschmidt, James W . 1997. Crime as Structured Action: Gender, Race, Class, and Crime in the Making. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Miller, Walter B . 1958. “Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency.” Journal of Social Issues 14(3):519.Google Scholar
Pantucci, Raffaello . 2015. “We Love Death as You Love Life.” Britain’s Suburban Terrorists. London: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Pepinsky, Harald E. Quinney, Richard (editors). 1991. Criminology as Peacemaking. Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press.Google Scholar
Polisen. 2017. “Utsatta områden - Social ordning, kriminell struktur och utmaningar för polisen (Exposed Areas - Social Order, Criminal Structure and Challenges for the Police).” Retrieved September 29, 2018 (https://polisen.se/siteassets/dokument/ovriga_rapporter/utsatta-omraden-social-ordning-kriminell-struktur-och-utmaningar-for-polisen-2017.pdf).Google Scholar
Raine, Adrian 2013. The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Regeringskansliet. 2014: “Våldsbejakande extremism i Sverige – nuläge och tendenser (Violent Extremism in Sweden – The Current Situation and Trends).” Retrieved September 13, 2018 (http://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/a76118e6b4fc49bfba45804f6bb3c956/valdsbejakande-extremism-i-sverige--nulage-och-tendenser-ds-20144).Google Scholar
Sampson, Robert J. Laub, John H. . 1993. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sandberg, Anna Huor, Jesper . 2016. Älskade terrorist: 16 år med militanta islamister (Beloved Terrorist: 16 Years with Islamic Militants). Stockholm: Norstedts.Google Scholar
SÄPO. 2010. “Våldsbejakande islamistisk extremism i Sverige (Violent Islamist Extremism in Sweden).” Stockholm: Säkerhetspolisen. Retrieved March 18, 2016 (http://www.blaljus.nu/sites/default/files/filarkiv/pdf/2012_arkiv/islamistsammanfattning.pdf).Google Scholar
SÄPO. 2016. “Säkerhetspolisen 2015. Årsbok (Security Service in 2015. Annual).” Stockholm: Säkerhetspolisen. Retrieved March 18, 2016 (http://www.sakerhetspolisen.se/ovrigt/pressrum/aktuellt/aktuellt/2016-03-16-sakerhetspolisens-arsbok-2015-presenteras.html).Google Scholar
SÄPO and Brå. 2009. “Våldsam politisk extremism. Antidemokratiska grupperingar på yttersta höger- och vänsterkanten (Violent Political Extremism. Anti-Democratic Groups on the Extreme Right and Left.” Rapport 2009:15. Stockholm: Brottsförebyggande rådet (Crime Prevention Council). Retrieved September 16, 2018 (https://www.bra.se/publikationer/arkiv/publikationer/2009-07-13-valdsam-politisk-extremism.html).Google Scholar
Sarnecki, Jerzy . 1996. “Problemprofiler hos ungdomar inskrivna på särskilda ungdomshem i Stockholms Län åren 1990–1994 (Problem Profiles in Adolescents Admitted to Special Youth Homes in Stockholm County 1990–1994).” Pp. 111155 in Vård av ungdomar med sociala problem: en forskningsöversikt (Care of Adolescents with Social Problems: A Research Review), edited by Bengt-Åke Armelius, Sara Bengzon, Per-Arne Rydelus, Jerzy Sarnecki, and Kerstin Söderholm Karpelan. Stockholm: LiberUtbildning/SiS.Google Scholar
Sarnecki, Jerzy . 2001. Delinquent Networks: Youths Co-offending in Stockholm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sarnecki, Jerzy . 2006. Är rattvisan rättvis? Tio Perspektiv på diskriminering av etniska och religiösa minoriteter inom rättsystemet (Is Justice Just? Ten Perspectives on Discrimination against Ethnic and Religious Minorities in the Justice System). Statens Offentliga Utredningar SOU 2006:30. Stockholm: Fritzes.Google Scholar
Sarnecki, Jerzy . 2016a. “Kriminologiskt perspektiv på ideologisk motiverad våldsbrottslighet (Criminological Perspective on Ideologically Motivated Violence Crime).” Pp. 2760 in Våldets sociala dimensioner: Individ, relation, organisation (Social Dimensions of Violence: Individual, Relationship, Organization), edited by Christofer Edling and Amir Rostami. Lund: Studentlitteratur.Google Scholar
Sarnecki, Jerzy . 2016b. “Brottslighet och motåtgärder i socialt svaga områden (Crime and Countermeasures in Socially Disadvantaged Areas).” Stockholm: Fores. Retrieved March 18, 2016 (http://spotidoc.com/doc/4714993/brottslighet-och-motåtgärder-i-socioekonomiskt-svaga-områden).Google Scholar
Sellin, Torsten . 1938. Culture Conflict and Crime. New York: Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar
Shaw, Clifford R McKay, Henry D . 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: A Study of Rates of Delinquents in Relation to Differential Characteristics of Local Communities in American Cities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Spitzer, Steven . 1975. “Toward a Marxian Theory of Deviance.” Social Problems 22(5): 638651.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Edwin H. 1947. Principles of Criminology. Fourth Edition. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Sutherland, Edwin H . 1949. White Collar Crime: The Uncut Version. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Sykes, Gresham Matza, David . 1957. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency.” American Sociological Review 22(6):664670.Google Scholar
Tannenbaum, Frank . 1938. Crime and the Community. Boston, MA: Ginn and Co.Google Scholar