¹ The term ‘global laws’ is used to describe the written and unwritten legal rules, precepts and doctrines that give meaning to the predominantly Western laws and regulations promoted by international development agencies and transnational agencies. See generally LeGoff, P, ‘Global Law: A Legal Phenomenon Emerging from the Process of Globalization’ (2007) 14 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 119Google Scholar; Twining, W, ‘Normative and Legal Pluralism: A Global Perspective’ (2010) 20 DukeJComp&IntlL 473Google Scholar.

² See generally W Heydebrand, ‘From Globalization of Law to Law under Globalization’ in D Nelken and J Feest (eds), Adapting Legal Cultures (Hart Publishing 2001) 117; N Foster, ‘Transmigration and Transferability of Commercial Law in a Globalized World’ in AJ Harding and E Orücü (eds), Comparative Law in the 21st Century (Kluwer Law International 2002) 55.

³ Twining, W, ‘Social Science and Diffusion of Law’ (2005) 32 Journal of Law and Society 203, 204–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Reimann, M, ‘The Progress and Failure of Comparative Law in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century’ (2002) 50 AmJCompL 671Google Scholar.

⁴ Legrand, P, ‘The Impossibility of Legal Transplants’ (1997) 4 MJ 111Google Scholar, 117. Also see Legrand, P, ‘On the Singularity of Law’ (2006) 47 HarvIntlLJ 517Google Scholar.

⁵ Y Dezalay and B Garth, ‘The Import and Export of Law and Legal Institutions: International Strategies in National Palace Wars’ in Nelken and Feest (n 2) 241.

⁶ Ajani, G, ‘By Chance and Prestige: Legal Transplants in Russia and Eastern Europe’ (1995) 43(1) AmJCompL 93Google Scholar; Chen-Wishart, M, ‘Legal Transplantation and Undue Influnce: Lost in Translation or a Working Missunderstanding?’ (2013) 61 ICLQ 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Orücü, E, ‘Law as Transposition’ (2002) 52 ICLQ 20Google Scholar.

⁷ This literature is vast for an overview see D Nelken, ‘Towards a Sociology of Legal Adaptation’ in Nelken and Feest (n 2) 7; Harding and Orücü, Comparative Law in the 21st Century (n 2) ch 4, 55; Gillespie, J, ‘Developing a Discursive Analysis of Legal Transfers into Developing East Asia’ (2008) 41(2) NYUJIntlL&Pol 101Google Scholar.

⁸ See eg Gerber, D, ‘Globalization and Legal Knowledge: Implications for Comparative Law’ (2001) 75 TulLRev 949Google Scholar; Halliday, T, ‘Recursivity of Global Normmaking: A Sociolegal Agenda’ (2009) 5 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 263CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹ For an exception see Teubner, G, ‘Legal Irritants: Good Faith in British Law or How Unifying Law Ends up in New Divergences’ (1998) 61(1) MLR 11CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Graziadei, M, ‘Legal Transplants and the Frontiers of Legal Knowledge’ (2009) 10 Theoretical Inquiries in Law 693CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ L Edelman and S Talesh, ‘To Comply or Not to Comply – That Isn't the Question: How Organizations Construct the Meaning of Compliance’ in C Parker and V Lehmann Nielsen (eds), Explaining Compliance: Business Responses to Regulation (Edward Elgar 2011) 103–22.

¹¹ See Y Akyus, ‘Multilateral Disciplines and the Question of Policy Space’ in J Faundez and C Tan (eds), International Economic Law, Globalization and Developing Countries (Edward Elgar 2012) 34.

¹² See generally GF Schuppert, ‘New Modes of Governance and the Rule of Law: the Case of Transnational Rule-Making’ in M Zurn, A Nollkaemper and R Peerenboom (eds), Rule of Law Dynamics: In an Era of International and Transnational Governance (CUP 2012) 90; Bernstein, S and Cashore, B, ‘Can Non-State Global Governance be Legitimate? An Analytical Framework’ (2007) 1(4) Regulation and Governance 347CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³ See generally R Appelbaum, W Felstiner and V Gessner (eds), Rules and Networks: The Legal Culture of Global Business Transactions (Hart Publishing 2001); F von Benda-Beckmann and K von Benda-Beckmann, ‘Transnationalisation, Globalisation and Pluralism: A Legal Anthropological Perspective’ in C Antons and V Gessner (eds), Globalisation and Resistance: Law Reform in Asia Since the Crisis (Hart Publishing 2007) 53.

¹⁴ See P Gruenwald and M Hori, ‘Intra-regional Trade Key to Asia's Export Boom’ (6 February 2008) IMF Survey Magazine at <http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2008/car02608a.htm>; T Haiyan and Z Huiqing, ‘China Reshapes the East Asian Production Network’ (2009) 4(2) China Economist at <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1544327##>.

¹⁵ See L Thanadsillapakul, ‘The Harmonization of ASEAN: Competition Laws and Policy from an Economic Integration Perspective’ in J Drexl et al. (eds), Competition Policy and Regional Integration in Developing Countries (Edward Elgar 2012) 13.

¹⁶ See G Mamhare, ‘Southern African Development Community’ in J Drexl et al. (n 15) 56.

¹⁷ See D Gerber, Global Competition: Law, Markets, and Globalization (OUP 2010) 79.

¹⁸ Formal legal convergence produces similar statutory rules across different geopolitical regimes. It contrasts with functional legal convergence, which generates similar patterns of compliance with global laws in different countries. See eg Carruthers, B and Halliday, T, ‘Negotiating Globalization: Global Scripts and Intermediation in the Construction of Asian Insolvency Regimes’ (2006) 31(3) Law & Social Inquiry 521CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁹ See K McMahon, ‘Developing Countries and International Competition Law and Policy’ in J Faudez and C Tan (eds), International Economic Law, Globalization and Developing Countries (Edward Elgar 2012) 252.

²⁰ See Gerber, D, ‘Economics, Law and Institutions: The Shaping of Chinese Competition Law’ (2008) 26 WashUJL&Pol'y 271Google Scholar; Pham, A, ‘The Development of Competition Law in Vietnam in the Face of Economic Reforms and Global Integration’ (2006) 26(3) NorthwestJIntlL&Bus 547Google Scholar.

²¹ Zhong, O, ‘Dawn of a New Constitutional Era or Opportunity Wasted? An Intellectual Reappraisal of China's Anti-Monopoly Law’ (2010) 24(1) ColumJAsianL 87Google Scholar; D Fruitman, ‘Vietnam’ in D Williams (ed), The Political Economy of Competition Law in Asia (Edward Elgar 2013) 119.

²² A Pham (n 20); Nhung, Nguyen Thi, ‘Tim Hieu Khai Niem “Thaoa Thuan Han Che Canh Tranh” Theo Luat Canh Tranh Nam 2004 Cua Viet Nam’ (‘Getting to Know the Concept of “Anti-Competition Agreement” under the 2004 Law’) (2006) 6 Nha Nuoc va Phap Luat 42Google Scholar.

²³ Competition Administration Department, ‘Report on the Results of the Research and Survey on the Community's Awareness Level about Competition Law’ (Hanoi: Ministry of Trade and Investment, 2009).

²⁴ Le Thanh Vinh, ‘Competition Law Transfers from an Interpretive Perspective’ (2012) unpublished PhD thesis, Monash University; Nguyen Anh Tuan, ‘Law on Competition Sees Stricter Enforcement’ Viet Nam News (9 March 2011) at <http://vietnamnews.vn/Economy/209156/law-on-competition-sees-stricter-enforcement-.html>.

²⁵ F Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1st edn 1944, Routledge 2005) 33–44. Also see Hechter, M and Kanazawa, S, ‘Sociological Rational Choice Theory’ (1997) 23 Annual Review of Sociology 191CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁶ Hechter and Kanazawa (n 25) 191–214.

²⁷ See eg Watson, A, ‘Aspects of Reception of Law’ (1996) 44 AmJCompL 335Google Scholar. For a critique of these theories see M Graziasei, ‘Comparative Law as the Study of Transplants and Receptions’ in M Reimann and R Zimmermann (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law (Oxford University Press 2007) 441–77.

²⁸ See eg W Easterly, The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Harm and So Little Good (OUP 2006). Also see A Santos, ‘The World Bank's Uses of the “Rule of Law” Promise’ in D Trubek and A Santos (eds), The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal (CUP 2006) 263–5, 286–90; Twining (n 3).

²⁹ See eg Thornton, D, Gunningham, NA and Kagan, RA, ‘General Deterrence and Corporate Environmental Behavior’ (2005) 27(2) JL&Pol'y 262Google Scholar.

³⁰ See C Milhaupt and K Pistor, Law and Capitalism (University of Chicago Press 2008) 203–12; L Hammergren, ‘International Assistance to Latin American Justice Programs: Toward an Agenda for Reforming the Reformers’ in E Jensen and T Heller (eds), Beyond Common Knowledge: Empirical Approaches to the Rule of Law (Stanford University Press 2003) 290–1.

³¹ See eg Pistor, K, ‘The Standardization of Law and Its Effect on Developing Economies’ (2002) 50 AmJCompL 101Google Scholar; Gerber (n 8).

³² Cotterrell, R, ‘Rethinking “Embeddedness”: Law, Economy and Community’ (2013) 40(1) Journal of Law and Society 49–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Teubner (n 9).

³³ Ajani (n 6); Chen-Wishart (n 6).

³⁴ Berkowitz, D, Pistor, K and Richard, J-F, ‘The Transplant Effect’ (2003) 51 AmJCompL 163Google Scholar.

³⁵ See generally SE Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice (Chicago University Press 2006); Teubner (n 9); Gillespie (n 7).

³⁶ This literature is vast but see Lessig, L, ‘The Regulation of Social Meaning’ (1995) 62(3) UnChiLRev 992Google Scholar; Silbey, S, ‘After Legal Consciousness’ (2005) 1 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 323CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gerber (n 8).

³⁷ Economic factors such as proximity to markets and capital also influence compliance patterns. See Gilson, R and Milhaupt, C, ‘Economically Benevolent Dictators: Lessons for Developing Democracies’ (2011) 59 AmJCompL 227Google Scholar; M Dowdle, ‘The Geography of Regulation’ in D Levi-Faur (ed), Handbook on the Politics of Regulation (Edward Elgar 2011) 576–89.

³⁸ See P Berger and T Luckman, The Social Construction of Reality (Anchor Books 1967).

³⁹ See DiMaggio, P, ‘Culture and Cognition: An Interdisciplinary Review’ (1997) 23 Annual Review of Sociology 263CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁰ Gerber (n 8); Jessop, B, ‘Regulationist and Autopoieticist Reflections on Polanyi's Account of Market Economics and the Market Society’ (2001) 6(2) New Political Economy 213CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴¹ Harding, A, ‘Global Doctrine and Local Knowledge Law in South East Asia’ (2002) 51 ICLQ 51CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴² See Levi, M and Sacks, A, ‘Legitimating Beliefs: Sources and Indicators’ (2009) 3(4) Regulation and Governance 311CrossRefGoogle Scholar; T Tyler, Why People Obey the Law (Princeton University Press 2006).

⁴³ Suchman, M, ‘Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches’ (1995) 20(3) Academy of Management Review 577CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁴ ibid 577–85; Bernstein, S and Cashore, B, ‘Can Non-State Global Governance Be Legitimate? An Analytical Framework’ (2007) 1(4) Regulation and Governance 347CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Black, J, ‘Constructing and Contesting Legitimacy and Accountability in Polycentric Regulatory Regimes’ (2008) 2 Regulation & Governance 137CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁵ See eg Tyler (n 42) 18.

⁴⁶ Esty, D, ‘Good Governance at the Supranational Scale: Globalizing Administrative Law’ (2006) 115 YaleLJ 1490Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Ohbuchi, K et al. , ‘Procedural Justice and the Assessment of Civil Justice in Japan’ (2005) 39(4) Law & Society Review 875CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Tyler (n 42).

⁴⁸ March, J and Olsen, J, ‘Institutional Perspectives on Political Institutions’ (1996) 9 Governance 247–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁹ V Nee, ‘Organization Dynamics of Institutional Change: Politicized Capitalism in China’ in V Nee and R Swedberg (eds), The Economic Sociology of Capitalism (Princeton University Press 2005) 55.

⁵⁰ Owens, T, Robinson, D and Smith-Lovin, L, ‘Three Faces of Identity’ (2010) 36 Annual Review of Sociology 477, 477–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brewer, M and Gardner, W, ‘Who Is This “We”? Levels of Collective Identity and Self Representations’ (1996) 71 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁵² Chen-Wishart (n 6); J Karhu, ‘How to Make Comparable Things: Legal Engineering at the Service of Comparative Law’ in M Van Hoeke (ed), Epistemology and Methodology of Comparative Law (Hart Publishing 2004) 79–90.

⁵³ P Nolan, China's Rise, Russia's Fall: Politics, Economics and Planning in the Transition from Stalinism (Palgrave Macmillan 1995); M Beresford and Dang Phong, Economic Transition in Vietnam: Trade and Aid in the Demise of a Centrally Planned Economy (Edward Elgar Publishing 2001).

⁵⁴ Beresford and Dang Phong (n 53) 101.

⁵⁵ D Perkins and Vu Tu Anh, ‘Vietnam's Industrial Policy Designing Policies for Sustainable Development’ Policy Dialogue Paper Number 3 (Harvard Kennedy School and UNDP 2009) 2–6.

⁵⁶ M Gainsborough, Vietnam: Rethinking the State (Zed Books 2010) 25–49; World Bank Vietnam, Development Report 2012: Market Economy for Middle Income Country (World Bank 2012) 28.

⁵⁷ See B Jessop and Ngai-Ling Sum, Beyond the Regulatory Approach (Edward Elgar 2006) 201–6.

⁵⁸ Xianchu, Zhang, ‘Commentary on Legislating for a Market Economy’ China's Legal System: New Developments, New Challenges’ (2008) 8 The China Quarterly Special 32Google Scholar; also see Gillespie, J, ‘Testing the Limits to the “Rule of Law”: Commercial Regulation in Vietnam’ (2009) 12(2) Journal of Comparative Asian Development 245CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁹ VCAD, ‘Annual Report’ Vietnam Competition Authority (2013) at <http://www.vca.gov.vn/uploads/file/2014/07_29/Annualreport%20Tieng%20Viet%20upload.pdf>.

⁶⁰ Fruitman (n 21) 146–50; Le Thanh Vinh (n 24).

⁶¹ The author conducted 18 in-depth interviews with the following VCAD officials in Hanoi: Nguyen Chi Mai, March 2007; Le Thanh Vinh, October 2007, March and October 2008, March 2010, April 2011, July and August 2012, April and September 2013; Hoang Xuan Bac, March and April 2012; and Pham Chau Giang March and April 2013 (hereafter referred to as ‘interviews with VCAD officials’).

⁶² S Appold and Nguyen Quy Thanh, ‘Social Embedding as a Solution to a Control Problem? Evidence from Vietnamese Small Business’ (18 May 2004) unpublished paper Singapore at <www.unc.edu/~appolds/research/progress/AppoldThanhVietnam.pdf>.

⁶³ See R Hsueh, China's Regulatory State: A New Strategy for Globalization (Cornell University Press 2011) 9–60.

⁶⁴ Gainsborough, M, ‘The (Neglected) Statist Bias and the Developmental State: The Case of Singapore and Vietnam’ (2009) 30(7) Third World Quarterly 1317, 1320–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁵ Interviews Le Duy Binh, Principal Economist, Economica, Hanoi, March and October 2011, April 2013.

⁶⁶ In 2010, 77 per cent of large corporations (more than 300 employees) were privately (domestic and/or foreign) owned: Ministry of Planning and Investment, Sach Trang Doan Nghiep Nho va Vua Viet Nam (White Paper on Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Vietnam) (MPI 2011) 20.

⁶⁷ Gillespie, J, ‘New Transnational Governance and the Changing Composition of Regulatory Pluralism in Southeast Asia’ (2013) 8 Asian Journal of Comparative Law 1Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ UNCTD, Investment Policy Review Viet Nam (UNCTD 2008) 5–10.

⁶⁹ Appold and Nguyen Quy Thanh (n 62); J McMillan and C Woodruff, ‘Interfirm Relationships and Informal Credit in Vietnam’ (1999) 114 Quarterly Journal Economics 1285.

⁷⁰ Economica, ‘The Non-Farm Household Business Sector in Vietnam’ (February 2013) Research Paper at <http://www.economica.vn/Portals/0/MauBieu/fcd53b3e2b743327d10c477fa2f2b70d.pdf> 3.

⁷¹ Engel, D, ‘Vertical and Horizontal Perspectives on Rights Consciousness’ (2012) 19 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 423CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷² See eg Gordley, J, ‘Comparative Legal Research: Its Function in the Development of Harmonized Law’ (1995) 43(4) AmJCompL 555, 561Google Scholar.

⁷³ Engel (n 71) 426.

⁷⁴ The interviews were conducted with the assistance of NH Quang and Associates, a Vietnamese law firm, and two other Vietnamese law firms that wished to remain anonymous.

⁷⁵ Interviews with lawyers Nguyen Tien Lap and Nguyen Hung Quang, NH Quang & Associates, Hanoi, 2004–15; Nguyen Bao Huy, Legal Consultant, Leadco, Hanoi, November 2012; September 2013; Pham Nghiem Xuan Bac, Managing Partner Vision & Associates, Hanoi, June 2012; Luu Hoang Ha, Managing Partner, LDV Lawyers, HCMC, June 2012; Nguyen Anh Tuan, Managing Partner, Bizconsult, Hanoi, October 2013.

⁷⁶ See Circular No 2 on the Management of Construction Projects 29 January 1993; later replaced by Decree 88-1999-ND-CP of the Government dated 1 September 1999 and then Law 61-2005-QH11 on Tendering 2006.

⁷⁷ SOEs accounted for only 26 per cent of national construction in 2009–10; however, this figure does not reveal their domination of the State-funded construction sector: World Bank Vietnam (n 56) 28.

⁷⁸ Thirty-four interviews with five senior construction managers were conducted in Nam Định province in March and April 2005; March 2006; April 2007; November 2009; April and September 2012; and in Hanoi in June 2009, April 2010 and March 2013. The construction managers did not want their firms or their names identified.

⁷⁹ A recent survey showed that State officials and SOE managers remained more in favour of State management of the economy than the general public: World Bank (n 56) 35–8.

⁸⁰ These findings are consistent with other studies about SOEs in Vietnam, see S Cheshier and J Pincus, ‘Minsky au Vietnam: State Corporations, Financial Instability and Industrialisation’ in D Tavasci and J Toporowski (eds), Minsky, Crisis and Development (Palgrave Macmillan 2010) 188–206.

⁸¹ There is some validity to this assertion because international donors, especially the World Bank and JICA, applied considerable pressure to secure the passage of the Law on Construction 2008 and Decree 58/2008/ND-CP, guiding the implementation of the Law.

⁸² M Beresford and Dang Phong (n 53) 151–3.

⁸³ The use of the Chinese/Vietnamese term hợp với luận lý, rather than the standard term for morality (đào đức), was significant, because it invoked a neo-Confucian concept of spiritual morality, an obligation generally reserved for the élite.

⁸⁴ S Cheshier, ‘The New Class in Vietnam’ (2010) unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, 31–51.

⁸⁵ This case study is based on 25 interviews with the four owners of the computer network conducted in Hanoi during March 2006, April 2007, June and November 2010, April 2011, April and September 2013. The computer manufacturers did not want their firms or their names disclosed.

⁸⁶ Nguyen Sa, ‘Vietnamese Companies Join Forces to Regain Laptop Market Share’ (1 October 2007) Duong Co Don Blog Doi <http://duongcodon.blogspot.com.es/2007/01/vietnamese-companies-join-forces-to.html>

⁸⁷ World Bank Vietnam (n 56) 28.

⁸⁸ This case study is based on 22 interviews with four members of the battery group conducted in Hanoi during March 2005, March and April 2007, April 2009, June and November 2010, April 2011, April and September 2013, March 2014. The members did not want their firms or their names disclosed.

⁸⁹ This finding is consistent with other research showing that in uncertain trading conditions businesses in Vietnam form defensive personal networks based on trust: see Nguyen, TV, Weinstein, M, and Meyer, AD, ‘Development of Trust: A Study of Interfirm Relationships in Vietnam’ (2005) 22(3) Asia Pacific Journal of Management 211–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁰ This finding connects with the social construction literature showing that law is socially embedded. See generally Gerber (n 8).

⁹¹ See generally Nelken (n 7).

⁹² Owens et al. (n 50) 477–99.

⁹³ MacNeil, I, ‘Relational Contact: What We Know and Do Not Know’ 1985 WisLRev 483Google Scholar. For an East Asian discussion see Van Luong, Hy and Hoa, Diep Dinh, ‘Culture and Capitalism in the Pottery Enterprises of Bien Hoa, South Vietnam (1878–1975)’ (1991) 22 Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 23CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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⁹⁵ The literature is vast but see Peng, Y, ‘Kinship Networks and Entrepreneurs in China's Transition Economy’ (2004) 109(5) American Journal of Sociology 1045CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁹⁶ This finding is consistent with Anthony Giddens’ thesis that cosmopolitan urban dwellers construct multiple identities to deal with the complexity of globalization and modernity. See A Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity (Stanford University Press 1991) 70–108.

⁹⁷ B Naughton, Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform 1978–93 (CUP 1996) 23–4.

⁹⁸ A Kim, Learning to Be Capitalists (OUP 2008) 1–20; V Nee (n 49) 53–74.

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¹⁰⁰ Stephan, A, ‘Cartel Law Undermined: Corruption, Social Norms and Collectivist Business Culture’ (2010) 37(2) Journal of Law and Society 345CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Also see M Dowdle, J Gillespie and I Maher (eds), Asian Capitalism and the Regulation of Competition: Towards a Regulatory Geography of Global Competition Law (CUP 2013).

¹⁰¹ Chen, Chung-Jen, ‘The Effects of Knowledge Attribute, Alliance, Characteristics, and Absorptive Capacity on Knowledge Transfer Performance’ (2004) 34(3) R&D Management 311, 312Google Scholar.

¹⁰² ibid

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¹⁰⁴ See Graziadei (n 9) 705. Also see Sacco, R, ‘Legal Formants: A Dynamic Approach to Comparative Law (pts. 1 & 2)’ (1991) 39 AmJCompL 343Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁵ Lauren Benton used the term ‘cultural intermediaries’ to describe the residents of European colonies who used their knowledge to adjust European laws to suit local cultural precepts and practices: see L Benton, Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History 1400–1900 (CUP 2002) 3–9.

¹⁰⁶ See Zhang, Qing, ‘A Chinese Yuppie in Beijing: Phonological Variation and the Construction of a New Professional Identity’ (2005) 34 Language in Society 431CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁰⁸ B Cashore, G Auld and S Renckens, ‘The Impact of Private, Industry, and Transnational Civil Society Regulation and Their Interaction with Official Regulation’ in Parker and Lehmann Nielsen (n 10) 343.

¹⁰⁹ See Molinsky, A, ‘Cross-Cultural Code-Switching: The Psychological Challenges of Adapting Behavior in Foreign Cultural Interactions’ (2007) 32(2) Academy of Management Review 622CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹¹¹ Research suggests that the tacit knowledge flows in transnational production regimes reflect the regulatory conditions where the lead firms are domiciled. See Pauly, LW and Reich, S, ‘National Structures and Multinational Corporate Behaviour’ (1997) 51(1) IntlOrg 1Google Scholar.

¹¹² See generally Berkowitz et al. (n 34) 167.

¹¹³ See Giddens (n 96); see also K Gergen, The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life (Basic Books 1991).

¹¹⁴ Giddens (n 96) 32–6, 74–84, 184–8. Systems theory also links regulatory change to complexity. See AF Muller, ‘Social Anthropology and Niklas Luhmann's Concept of Society’ in M King and C Thornhill (eds), Luhmann on Law and Politics: Critical Appraisals and Applications (Hart Publishing 2006) 165.

¹¹⁵ See Okamoto, D, ‘Toward a Theory of Panethnicity: Explaining Asian American Collective Action’ (2003) 68 American Sociological Review 811CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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¹¹⁸ See Fox, E, ‘Economic Development, Poverty and Antitrust: The Other Path’ (2007) 13 Southwestern Journal of Law and Trade in the Americas 211Google Scholar.