Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T15:21:58.478Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

ENLARGEMENT, THE EUROPEAN CONSTITUTION, AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 January 2008

Abstract

The subject of this article is the current state of administrative law in the context of the European integration. It will indicate the prospects for development of administrative law offered by the Convention on the Future of Europe, and its proposed European Constitution, as well as the enlargement of the EU which has taken place. The focus is on rules and general principles of European administrative law. They constitute the main sources of administrative law—written rules as well as unwritten judge-made law, and both the development of these sources and their mutual influence are subjects of the present article.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © British Institute of International and Comparative Law 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 See in more detail J Schwarze Europaisches Verwaltungsrecht (2 vols Baden-Baden Nomos 1988); see also the English and French versions: European Administrative Law (London/LuxembourgSweet & Maxwell 1992).Google Scholarand Droit Administratif Européeen (2 vols Brussels/Luxembourg Bruylant 1994).Google Scholar

2 Joined Cases 7/56, 3–7/57 Algera et al v Common Assembly [1957] ECR 39.Google Scholar

3 Ibid at 55.

4 See J Schwarze, in J Schwarze (ed) EU-Kommentar (Baden-Baden Nomos 2000) Art 220, paras 14 et seq; de Smith, S, Woolf, H, and Jowell, JJudicial Review of Administrative Action (5th edn LondonSweet & Maxwell 1995) at 833.Google Scholar

5 See Schwarze, J ‘Rechtsstaatliche Grundsatze fur das Verwaltungshandeln in der Rechtsprechung des Europaischen Gerichtshofs’ in Colneric, N, Edward, D, Puissochet, J-P, and Ruiz-Jarabo Colomer, D (eds) Une communautée de droit: Festschrift füur Gil Carlos Rodríiguez Iglesias (BerlinBWV 2003) at 147.Google Scholar

6 See for this concept HP Ipsen Europaisches Gemeinschaftsrecht (Tubingen Mohr 1972) 5/20, at 113; Zweigert, K ‘Der Einfluss des Europaischen Gemeinschaftsrechts auf die Rechtsordnung der Mitgliedstaaten’ Rabels Zeitschrift fur auslandisches und internationales Privatrecht, Volume 28 (Berlinde Gruyter 1964) at 601 et seq.Google Scholar

7 For the impact of French administrative law on the various legal systems see Le Conseil d'Etat Livre jubilaire, Paris 1952 (seconde partie: Le rayonnement du Conseil d'Etat et le droit administratif àa l'èetranger) at 481 et seq.Google Scholar

8 See especially Case 17/74 Transocean Marine Paint Association v Commission [1974’ ECR 1063 with Opinion of General Advocate J-P Warner, at 1090.Google Scholar

9 See also Bell, J ‘Mechanisms for Cross-fertilisation of Administrative Law in Europe’ in Beatson, J and Tridimas, T (eds) New Directions in European Public Law (OxfordOUP 1998) at 147 et seq.Google Scholar

10 See Lenaerts, KInterlocking Legal Orders in the European Union and Comparative Law’ (2003) 52 ICLQ 52 at 873;CrossRefGoogle ScholarSchwarze, J, in Schwarze, J (ed) Administrative Law under European Influence (Baden-BadenNomos 1996) at 14;Google Scholar for the influence of globalization on national administrative law. see Auby, J-B ‘Globalisation en droit public’ in Liber Amicorum Jean Waline at 146 et seq and La globalisation, le droit et I'ÉEtat (ParisMontchrestien 2003);Google Scholarin a broader context Cassese, S ‘Lo spazio giuridico globale’ in Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico (MilanoGiuffrèe 2002) at 323 et seq.Google Scholar

11 Joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90 Francovich et al v Italy [1991] ECR 1–2433; most recently Case C-224/01 Kobler v Republik Osterreich2003’ not yet reported.Google Scholar

12 Case C-213/89 The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame et al [1990] ECR 2433.Google Scholar

13 Lord Lester of Herne Hill ‘European Human Rights and the British Constitution’ in Jowell, J and Oliver, D (eds) The Changing Constitution (3rd edn OxfordOUP 1994) at 33 (at 50 et seq).Google Scholar

14 Chiti, M, in Schwarze, J (ed) Administrative Law under European influence (Baden-BadenNomos 1996), at 229.Google Scholar

15 Scheuner, U ‘Der Einfluss des franzosischen Verwaltungsrechts auf die deutsche Rechtsentwicklung’ (1963) Die öoffentliche Verwaltung at 714 et seq.Google Scholar

16 Ibid at 714.

17 Schwarze, J, in Schwarze, j (ed) Administrative law under European influence (Baden-BadenNomos 1996) at 21 et seq.Google Scholar

18 For this development see Birkinshaw, PEuropean Public Law (LondonButterworths 2003) at 561 et seq;Google Scholarde Smith, S, Woolf, H, and Jowell, JJudicial Review of Administrative Action (5th edn LondonSweet & Maxwell 1995) at 12 et seq;Google ScholarCassese, SLe trasformazioni del diritto amministrativo dal XIX al XXI secolo’ (2002) Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico 27 at 34;Google ScholarHilson, CThe Europeanization of English Administrative Law: Judicial Review and Convergence’ (2003) European Public Law at 125 et seq;Google ScholarFromont, M ‘Die Annaherung der Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeiten in Europa’ in Schmidt-ABmann, E, Sellner, D, Hirsch, G, Kemper, G-H, and Lehmann-Grube, H (eds) Festgabe 50 Jahre Bundesverwaltungsgericht, Köoln, et al. (2003) at 93 et seq;Google Scholar for the impact of EU law in the context of national administrative reforms see Cassese, S ‘The Age of Administrative Reforms’ in Hay ward, J and Menon, A (eds) Governing Europe (OxfordOUP 2003) at 128 et seq.Google Scholar

19 The fundamental decision on the principle of proportionality is Case 265/87 Schroder v Hauptzollamt Gronau [1989] ECR 2237, see also Case C-390/95P Antillean Rice Mills et al v Commission [1990] ECR 1–769, para 52; Case C-189/01 Jippes et al v Minister van Landbouw, Naturbeheer en Visserij [2001] ECR 1–3689, para 81;Google ScholarSchwarze, JThe principle of proportionality and the principle of impartiality in European Administrative Law’ (2003) Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico at 53.Google Scholar

20 Case 1/73 Westzucker [1973] ECR 723, paras 6 et seq; Case 43/75 Defrenne [1976] ECR 455, paras 74/75; Case 61/79 Denkavit [1980] ECR 1205, para 17.Google Scholar

21 See Schwarze, J ‘Deutscher Landesbericht’ in Schwarze, J (ed) Administrative Law under European Influence (Baden-BadenNomos 1996) at 154 et seq;Google ScholarTriantyfyllou, DZur “Europäaisierung” des Vertrauensschutzes—am Beispiel der Riickforderung staatlicher Beihilfen’ (1992) Neue Zeitschrift fiir Verwaltungsrecht at 436 et seq;Google ScholarCase 94/87 Commission v Germany (Alcan) [1989] ECR 189, para 12; Case C-/89 Commission v Germany (BUG-Alutechnik) ‘1990’ ECR 1–3453, para 13.Google Scholar

22 Case 17/74 Transocean Marine Paint Association v Commission1974’ ECR 1063 et seq.Google Scholar

23 Case C-310/93P BPB Ind. and British Gypsum [1995] ECR 1–865, paras 22 et seq; joined Cases T-25/95 et al. Cimenteries CBR [2000] ECR n-491, paras 105 et seq.Google Scholar

24 Case 350/88 Societe Francaise des Biscuits Delacre [1990] ECR 1–395, para 15.Google Scholar

25 Case C-185/95P Baustahlgewebe [1998] ECR 1–8417, paras 26 et seq; joined Cases C-238/99 et al. Limburgse Maatschapij NV et al [2002] ECR 1–8375, paras 164 et seq.Google Scholar

26 Case 155/79 AM&S Europe [1982] ECR 1575, para 21.Google Scholar

27 Case 374/87 Orkem [1989] ECR 1989, 3283, para 35; Case T-112/98 Mannesmannröohren-Werke [2001] ECR n-729, paras 59 et seq.Google Scholar

28 On this see A Weitbrecht ‘Das neue Kartellverfahrensrecht’ Europaische Zeitschrift füur Wirtschaftsrecht (2003) at 69 et seq; Gilliams, HModernisation: from policy to practice’ (2003) 38 European Law Review at 451 et seq;Google ScholarGauer, C, Dalheimer, D, Kjolbye, L, and de Smijter, E ‘Regulation 1/2003: a modernised application of EC competition rules’ Competition Policy Newsletter 1/2003, at 3 et seq.Google Scholar

29 Weitbrecht, A, op cit at 70;Google ScholarHossenfelder, S and Lutz, MDie neue Durchfiihrungsverordnung zu den Artikeln 81 und 82 EGWirtschaft und Wettbewerb (2003) at 119.Google Scholar

30 The case-law on this is mentioned in reason No 23 of Regulation (EC) No 1/2003; see Case 374/87 Orkem [1989’ ECR 1989, 3283, para 35; Case T-112/98 Mannesmannröohren-Werke [2001] ECR n-729, paras 59 et seq.Google Scholar

31 Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 of 21 Dec 1989 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 1989, L 395/1; Commission Regulation (EC) No 447/98 of 1 Mar 1998 on the notifications, time limits and hearings provided for in Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 on the control of concentrations between undertakings, OJ 1998, L 61/1. Recently, the merger control system has been reformed; see Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings (‘The EC Merger Regulation’) (EC) No 139/2004 of 20 Jan 2004 OJ 2004, L24/1.Google Scholar

32 Regulation (EC) No 384/96 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community, OJ 1996, L 56/1, recently modified by Regulation No 461/2004, OJ 2004, L 77/12.Google Scholar

33 Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 of 22 Mar 1999 laying down detailed rules for the application of Art 93 of the EC Treaty, OJ 1999, L 83/1.Google Scholar

34 Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 Dec 1993 on the Community trade mark, OJ 1994, L 11/1. Arts 25–63 and 73–81 include comprehensive provisions on the procedure in the field of community trade mark law; see C Vedder ‘(Teil) Kodifikationen des Verwaltungsverfahrensrechts der EG?’ Europarecht Beiheft 1/1995, at 82.Google Scholar

35 Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 of 12 Oct 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code, OJ 1992, L 302/1.Google Scholar

36 Witte, PDas Neue am neuen Zollkodex der GemeinschaftZeitschrift fiir Zolle und Verbrauchsteuern (1993) at 165;Google ScholarSchmidt-AßBmann, EDeutsches und Europäaisches VerwaltungsrechtDeutsches Verwaltungsblatt (1993) at 926.Google Scholar

37 Chiti, M and Greco, GTrattato di Diritto Amministrativo Europeo, Parte Generate (MilanoGiuffrèe 1997) at 9.Google ScholarFurther references in n 18 above (at 5).Google Scholar

38 Council Directive 93/36/EEC of 14 June 1993 coordinating procedures for the award of public supply contracts, OJ1993, L199/1, Council Directive 93/37/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning the coordination of procedures for the award of public works contracts, OJ 1993, L 199/53, amended by European Parliament and Council Directive 97/52/EC of 13 Oct 1997 amending Directives 92/50/EEC, 93/36/EEC and 93/37/EEC concerning the coordination of procedures for the award of public service contracts, public supply contracts and public works contracts respectively, OJ 1997, L 328/1.Google Scholar

39 See Schenk, MDas neue Vergaberecht (Baden-BadenNomos 2001) at 186;Google ScholarSchwarze, JDie Vergabe öoffentlicher Aufträage im Lichte des europaischen WirtschaftsrechtsEuropäaische Zeitschrift fiir Wirtschaftsrecht (2000) at 133 et seq;Google ScholarSkouris, WDer Einfluss des Europäaischen Gemeinschaftsrechts auf die Unterscheidung zwischen Privatrecht und ÖOffentlichem RechtEuropäarecht (1998) at 111 et seq;Google ScholarSchwarze, J and Müuller-Graff, P-C (eds) ‘Das Öoffentliche Auftragswesen in der EG’ Europarecht Beiheft 1/1996.Google Scholar

40 Council Directive 90/313/EEC of 7 June 1990 on the freedom of access to information on the environment, OJ 1990, L 158/56.Google Scholar

41 Council Directive 85/337/EEC of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, OJ 1991, L 216/40; amended by Council Directive 97/1 I/EC of 3 Mar 1997 amending Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, OJ 1997, L 73/5.Google Scholar

42 Council Regulation (EEC) No 1836/93 of 29 June 1993 allowing voluntary participation by companies in the industrial sector in a Community eco-management and audit scheme, OJ 1993, L 168/1.Google Scholar

43 Schmidt-ABmann, EDeutsches und Europaisches VerwaltungsrechtDeutsches Verwaltungsblatt (1993) at 930.Google Scholar

44 Second Council Directive 89/646/EEC of 15 Dec 1989 on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions and amending Directive 77/780/EEC, OJ 1989, L 386/14; Council Directive 92/49/EEC of 18 June 1992 on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to direct insurance other than life assurance and amending Directives 73/239/EEC and 88/357/EEC (third non-life insurance Directive), OJ 1992, L 228/1; Royla, PGrenzuberschreitende Finanzmarktaufsicht in der EG (BerlinDuncker & Humblot 2000), at 48 et seq.Google Scholar

45 Speech to the European Parliament, 9 Apr 2003.Google Scholar

46 Act on Competition and Consumer Protection, 1 Jan 2001, Official Gazette 2000, No 122, Pos 1319; Zinser, ADas neue polnische KartellgesetzWirtschaft und Recht in Osteuropa (2001) at 321 et seq.Google Scholar

47 136 Act on Protection of Competition, 27 Feb 2001.Google Scholar

48 Competition Law, 1 Jan 2002.Google Scholar

49 Law on Competition, 23 Mar 1999, No VIII–1099.Google Scholar

50 Competition Act, 1 Oct 2001, State Gazette 2001, 56, 332.Google Scholar

51 Act No 143 on the Protection of Competition, 4 Apr 2001.Google Scholar

52 See Lowe, P Priorities of competition policy, contribution to competitiveness and challenges from Enlargement, Speech at the ProbusBNW Dialogue (London 18 09 2003).Google Scholar

53 In Slovakia, the Czech Reublic, Poland and Estonia, for example, there still exist laws on the administrative procedure, which were passed in the 1960s. These laws have partially been reformed; further reforms are planned, see von Redecker, NChronik der Rechtsentwicklung’ (2003) Wirtschaft und Recht in Osteuropa at 59;Google ScholarNowacka, ENew challenges facing Public Administration and Regional Policy in Poland’ (2003) European Public Law at 335 et seq.Google Scholar

54 Art 2 Treaty of Accession to the European Union, 16 Apr 2003. See also Pfaff, D ‘Die EUOsterweiterung durch Rechtsangleichung: Wege zum acquis communautaire’ in Hofmann, M (ed) Kontinuitäat und Neubeginn: Stoat und Recht in Europa zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts, Festschrift f¨ur Georg Brunner (Baden-BadenNomos 2001) at 537 et seq.Google Scholar

55 For a first evaluation of the Convention's work see Andenas, M and Usher, J (eds) The Treaty of Nice and beyond: enlargement and constitutional reform (Oxford/PortlandHart Publishing 2003);Google ScholarCohen-Jonathan, G and Dutheil de La Rochèere, J (eds) Constitution européeenne, déemocratie et droit de l'homme (BrusselsBruylant 2003);Google ScholarDer Verfassungsentwurf des Europäaischen Konvents, Integration 42003, at 284 et seq;Google ScholarGarcìia de Enterrìia, E and Alonso, RGarcia La encrucijada constitutional de la Uniòon Europea (MadridCivitas 2002);Google ScholarSchwarze, JEin pragmatischer Verfassungsentwurf—Analyse und Bewertung des vom Europaischen Verfassungskonvent vorgelegten Entwurfs eines Vertrags üuber eine Verfassung ffir EuropaEuroparecht (2003) at 535 et seq.Google Scholar

56 Werner, FVerwaltungsrecht als konkretisiertes Verfassungsrecht’ (1959) Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt at 527 et seq.Google Scholar

57 When Art 36 para 3 also uses the term ‘rules and general principles’ it is not meant in the sense of general sources of law, which are under review in this article. It is rather restricted to the mechanism for control of which the Member States should dispose in cases where implementing powers have been transferred to the Commission or the Council.Google Scholar

58 European Ombudsman, Code of good administration, 28 July 1999, available at <http://www.euro-ombudsman.eu.int/recommen/pdf/en/codel_en.pdf>. See also: Soria, JMDie Kodizes fur gute VerwaltungspraxisEuroparecht (2001), at 682 et seq.Google Scholar

59 The European Commission and the European Parliament did not adopt the draft code of the ombudsman, but instead introduced their own codes on good administration, European Commission Code of good administrative behaviour—Relations with the Public, available at <http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/secretariat_general/code/index_en/htm>; European Parliament Guide to the obligations of officials and other servants of the European Parliament (Code of conduct), OJ 2000, C 97/1.;+European+Parliament+Guide+to+the+obligations+of+officials+and+other+servants+of+the+European+Parliament+(Code+of+conduct),+OJ+2000,+C+97/1.>Google Scholar

60 Magiera, S, in Meyer, J (ed) Kommentar zur Charta der Grundrechte der Europdischen Union (Baden-BadenNomos 2003) Art 41, para 1.Google ScholarFor the practice of the Court under the existing Community law see conclusions by GA G Slynn in Case 64/82 Tradax Graanhandel v Commission [1984’ ECR 1359, at 1381.Google Scholar For a detailed analysis see Usher, JAThe ‘Good Administration’ of European Community law’ (1985) Current Legal Practice at 269 et seqCrossRefGoogle Scholarand Chiti, E and Franchini, CL'integrazione amministrativa europea (BolognaIL Mulino 2003) at 107 et seq.Google Scholar

61 Case T-54/99 max.mobil Telekommunikation [2002] ECR 11–313, para 48.Google Scholar

62 Schwarze, JEuropäaische Rahmenbedingungen fiir die Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit’ (2000) Neue Zeitschrift fur Verwaltungsrecht at 246;Google ScholarCase C-24/95 Land Rheinland-Pfalz v Alcan [1997] ECR 1–1591, para 24; Case C-120/97 Upjohn [1999] ECR 1–223, para 32;Google ScholarHatje, A, in Schwarze, J (ed) EU-Kommentar (Baden-BadenNomos 2000) Art 10 EG, paras 16, 37.Google Scholar

63 The European Union does presently not have the competence to enact a general law on the administrative procedure, see Schwarze, JEuropaische Rahmenbedingungen füur die Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit’ (2000) Neue Zeitschrift füur Verwaltungsrecht at 244;Google ScholarGotz, VEuroparechtliche Vorgaben füur das Verwaltungsprozessrecht’ (2001) Deutsches Verwaltungsblatt at 1 et seq.Google Scholar

64 For a further discussion see: Schwarze, J, in Schwarze, J (ed) Administrative Law under European Influence (Baden-BadenNomos 1996) at 830 et seq.Google Scholar

65 The Freiburg Draft was submitted to the Convention by Teufel, E and is available at <http://register.consilium.eu.int/pdf/de/03/cv00/cv00495de03.pdf> and on the home page of the Europa-Institut Freiburg at <http://www.europa-institut.de/>.+and+on+the+home+page+of+the+Europa-Institut+Freiburg+at+.>Google Scholar