To the Editor—In March 2020, we cowrote a letter published in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology titled “Involving antimicrobial stewardship programs in COVID-19 response efforts: All hands on deck,” ^{Reference Stevens, Patel and Nori1} in which we noted that antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have not traditionally been involved in hospital pandemic response endeavors. ^{Reference Banach, Johntson and Al2,Reference Mazdeyasna, Nori and Patel3} However, given existing skills and program structures, we postulated that ASPs could take on major roles in this capacity. Since then, myriad examples of successful ASP involvement have been noted throughout the country. Our letter was the first paper published on antimicrobial stewardship and COVID-19, to our knowledge. As of March 23, 2021, a little over a year later, it pleases us to report that a PubMed search for “antimicrobial stewardship and COVID-19” yielded 143 results. Herein, we revisit our original projections about ASP involvement in the pandemic and highlight how programs have been utilized over the past year (Table 1).

1. 1) Case identification and diagnostic stewardship of SARS-CoV-2 testing. Prior to the widespread availability of testing, several ASPs assumed this role in coordination with infection prevention (IP) programs. After deployment of widespread or universal testing on admission, ASPs continued to assist with identification of potential new hospital-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infections during daily audit activities. Presently, ASPs continue to work with IP partners and the clinical virology laboratory to flag breakthrough cases after COVID-19 vaccination for potential genomic sequencing to detect variants. Continued vigilance is warranted as the pandemic evolves, and future surges are anticipated.

2. 2) COVID-19 treatment guidelines. In the inpatient setting, many ASPs assumed responsibility for the creation and maintenance of local treatment guidelines as their primary contribution to hospital pandemic response efforts. Often, this effort involved incorporating preauthorization of COVID-19 therapeutics, such as tocilizumab and remdesivir, into existing stewardship paradigms. Anecdotally, one author’s ASP has updated the local COVID-19 treatment guidelines >80 times in the last year. Other complementary functions have included stewardship interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use in COVID-19 patients, assisting providers to navigate the access process for novel therapeutics, ^{Reference Patel, Nori and Stevens4,Reference Stevens, Patel and Nori5} and monitoring and reporting drug shortages and adverse events.

3. 3) Outpatient pandemic stewardship. In the outpatient setting, ASPs across the country have led efforts to rapidly scale up monoclonal antibody infusion programs, folding these functions into ambulatory stewardship activities and partnering with new operational partners such as infusion centers, emergency departments, and nursing staff. Patient eligibility screening and authorization are frequently conducted by antimicrobial stewards or their extenders. ^{Reference Mazdeyasna, Nori and Patel3}

4. 4) Vaccine planning. In the last year, ASPs have also immersed themselves in vaccine planning, education, allocation, and postvaccination counseling for hospital systems. Although this role for ASPs began in the H1N1 pandemic, it has also been facilitated by years of trust and relationship building within hospital networks by ASP physicians and pharmacists. ^{Reference Nori, Patel and Stevens6}

The pandemic has required new mechanisms for communication and collaboration among ASPs, infection prevention programs, and information technology departments. ASPs possess data presentation and dissemination expertise and should leverage new data access structures developed during the pandemic to advance their work in antibiotic use and resistance reporting. Moving forward, a tighter collaboration, if not full integration, of ASPs and infection prevention programs should be prioritized given shared agendas in the area of patient safety and quality.

The value of ASPs has been readily evident during the pandemic. ASPs should leverage their increased visibility and institutional credibility to advocate for resources, increased protection efforts, and enhanced access to leadership. We strongly believe that this should happen on national and international levels and that it should influence policy pertaining to stewardship. Additionally, ASPs should solidify their “place at the table” related to future pandemic and disaster planning at a health-system level. Finally, incentives to enable the recruitment of future antimicrobial stewards should be prioritized, and education within infectious diseases training should emphasize pandemic stewardship.

Table 1. Projections and Key Examples of ASP Involvement in COVID-19 Relief Efforts