Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T15:31:50.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Molecular Aspects of Bacterial Colonization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Alan L. Bisno*
Affiliation:
Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
*
1201 NW 16th St, Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center (111), Miami, FL 33125

Abstract

Bacteria have developed a wide variety of molecular mechanisms that permit firm adherence to a biologic surface. This review summarizes basic principles involved in this process, as exemplified by adherence of the group A streptococcus to oral epithelium, staphylococci to indwelling prostheses, and Escherichia coli to uroepithelium and enterocytes.

Type
Symposium: Nosocomial Colonization
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Marshall, KC. Mechanisms of bacterial adhesion at solid water interfaces. In: Savage, DC, Fletcher, M, eds. Bacterial Adhesion: Mechanisms and Physiological Significance. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corp; 1985:133161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Pashley, RM, McGuiggan, PM, Ninham, BW, Evans, DF. Attractive forces between uncharged hydrophobic surfaces: direct measurements in aqueous solution. Science 1985;229:10881089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Marshall, KC, Stout, R, Mitchell, R. Mechanism of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to surfaces. J Gen Microbiol 1971;68:337348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Grieg, RG, Jones, MN. The possible role of steric forces in cellular cohesion. J Theor Biol 1976;63:405409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Grieg, RG, Jones, MN. Mechanisms of intercellular adhesion. Biosystems 1977;9:4355.Google Scholar
6. Rutter, PR, Vincent, B. The adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces: physico-chemical aspects. In: Berkeley, RCW, Lynch, JM, Melling, J, et al, eds. Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood; 1980:7992.Google Scholar
7. Tsao, YH, Evans, DF, Wennerstrom, H. Long-range attractive force between hydrophobic surfaces obser ved by atomic force microscopy. Science 1993;262:547550.Google Scholar
8. Baddour, LM, Christensen, GD, Simpson, WA, Beachey, EH. Microbial adherence. In: Mandell, GL, Douglas, RG Jr Bennett, JE, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1990;9:25.Google Scholar
9. Hoepelman, AI, Tuomanen, EI. Consequences of microbial attachment: directing host cell functions with adhesins. Infect Immun 1992;60:17291733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10. Bisno, AL. Streptococcus pyogenes. In: Mandell, GL, Bennett, JE, Dolin, R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1995:17861799.Google Scholar
11. Ofek, I, Beachey, EH, Jefferson, W, Campbell, GL. Cell membrane-binding properties of group A streptococcal lipoteichoic acid. J Exp Med 1975;187:11611167.Google Scholar
12. Beachey, EH, Simpson, WA, Ofek, I, Hasty, DL, Dale, JB, Whitnack, E. Attachment of Streptococcus pyogenes to mammalian cells. Rev Infect Dis 1983;5(suppl 4):S670S677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Ofek, I, Simpson, WA, Beachey, EH. Formation of molecular complexes between a structurally defined M protein and acylated or deacylated lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus pyogenes . J Bacteriol 1982;149:426433.Google Scholar
14. Beachey, EH, Ofek, I. Epithelial cell binding of group A streptococci by lipoteichoic acid on fimbriae denuded of M protein. J Exp Med 1976;143:759771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Simpson, WA, Courtney, HS, Ofek, I. Interactions of fibronectin with streptococci: the role of fibronectin as a receptor for Streptococcus pyogenes . Rev Infect Dis 1987;9(suppl 4):S351S359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Dale, JB, Baird, RW, Courtney, HS, Hasty, DL, Bronze, MS. Passive protection of mice against group A streptococcal pharyngeal infection by lipoteichoic acid. J Infect Dis 1994;169:319323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Hasty, DL, Ofek, I, Courtney, HS, Doyle, RJ. Multiple adhesins of streptococci. Infect Immun 1992;60:21472152.Google Scholar
18. Mosher, DF, Furcht, LT. Fibronectin: review of its structure and linking of a 27-kilodalton fragment of fibronectin to Staphylococcus aureus . Science 1981;209:927929.Google Scholar
19. Courtney, HS, Simpson, WA, Beachey, EH. Binding of streptococcal lipoteichoic acid to fatty acid-binding sites on human plasma fibronectin. J Bacteriol 1983;153:763770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Simpson, WA, Beachey, EH. Adherence of group A streptococci to fibronectin on oral epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1983;39:275279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Courtney, HS, Ofek, I, Simpson, WA, Hasty, DL, Beachey, EH. Binding of Streptococcus pyogenes to soluble and insoluble fibronectin. Infect Immun 1986;53:454459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22. Nealon, TJ, Beachey, EH, Courtney, HS, Simpson, WA. Release of fibronectin-lipoteichoic acid complexes from group A streptococci with penicillin. Infect Immun 1986;51:529535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Courtney, HS, Ofek, I, Simpson, WA, Whitnack, E, Beachey, EH. Human plasma fibronectin inhibits adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to hexadecane. Infect Immun 1985;47:341343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24. Abraham, SN, Beachey, EH, Simpson, WA. Adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to fibronectin-coated and uncoated epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1983;41:12611268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Stanislawski, L, Courtney, HS, Simpson, WA, et al. Hybridoma antibodies to the lipid-binding site(s) in the amino-terminal region of fibronectin inhibits binding of streptococcal lepiteichoic acid. J Infect Dis 1987;156:344349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Hanski, E, Caparon, M. Protein, F, a fibronectin-binding protein, is an adhesin of the group A streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:61726176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Talay, SR, Valentin-Weigand, P, Jerlstrom, PG, Timmis, KN, Chhatwal, GS. Fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus pyogenes: sequence of the binding domain involved in adherence of streptococci to epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1992;60:38373844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28. Kreikemeyer, B, Talay, SR, Chhatwal, GS. Characterization of a novel fibronectin-binding surface protein in group A streptococci. Mol Microbiol 1995;17:137145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29. Courtney, HS, Li, Y, Dale, JB, Hasty, DL. Cloning, sequencing, and expression of a fibronectin/fibrinogen-binding protein from group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1994;62:39373946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30. Talay, SR, Ehrenfeld, E, Chhatwal, GS, Timmis, KN. Expression of the fibronectin-binding components of Streptococcus pyogenes in Escherichia coli demonstrates that they are proteins. Mol Microbiol 1991;5:17271734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. Hanski, E, Horwitz, PA, Caparon, MG. Expression of protein F, the fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus pyogenes JRS4, in heterologous streptococcal and enterococcal strains promotes their adherence to respiratory epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1992;60:51195125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32. Pancholi, V, Fischetti, VA. A major surface protein on group A streptococci is a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase with multiple binding activity. J Exp Med 1992;176:415426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Van Heyningen, T, Fogg, G, Yates, D, Hanski, E, Caparon, M. Adherence and fibrinectin binding are environmentally regulated in the group A streptococci. Mol Microbiol 1993;9:12131222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Whitnack, E, Bisno, AL, Beachey, EH. Hyaluronate capsule prevents attachment of group A streptococci to mouse peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun 1981;31:985991.Google Scholar
35. Caparon, MG, Stephens, DS, Olsen, A, Scott, JR. Role of M protein in adherence of group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1991;59:18111817.Google Scholar
36. Hollingshead, SK, Simecka, JW, Michalek, SM. Role of M protein in pharyngeal colonization by group A streptococci in rats. Infect Immun 1993;61:22772283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37. Okada, N, Pentland, AP, Falk, P, Caparon, MG. M protein and protein F act as important determinants of cell-specific tropism of Streptococcus pyogenes in skin tissue. J Clin Invest 1994;94:965977.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38. Wang, JR, Stinson, MW. M protein mediates streptococcal adhesion to HEp-2 cells. Infect Immun 1994;62:442448.Google Scholar
39. Courtney, HS, Bronze, MS, Dale, JB, Hasty, DL. Analysis of the role of M24 protein in group A streptococcal adhesion and colonization by use of omega-interposon mutagenesis. Infect Immun 1994;62:48684873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40. Vaudaux, PE, Lew, DP, Waldvogel, FA. Host factors predisposing to and influencing therapy of foreign body infections. In: Bisno, AL, Waldvogel, FA, eds. Infections Associated With Indwelling Medical Devices. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1994:129.Google Scholar
41. Baddour, LM, Christensen, GD, Hester, MG, Bisno, AL. Variability in species virulence in the production of experimental endocarditis by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1991;32:800806.Google Scholar
42. Tojo, M, Yamashita, N, Goldmann, DA, Pier, GB. Isolation and characterization of a capsular polysaccharide adhesion from Staphylococcus epidermidis . J Infect Dis 1988;157:713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43. Kojima, Y, Tojo, M, Goldmann, DA, Tosteson, TD, Pier, GB. Antibody to the capsular polysaccharide/adhesion protects rabbits against catheter-related bacteremia due to coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Infect Dis 1990;162:435441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44. Takeda, S, Pier, GB, Kojima, Y, et al. Protection against endocarditis due to Staphylococcus epidermidis by immunization with capsular polysaccharide/adhesin. Circulation 1991; 84:25392546.Google Scholar
45. Muller, E, Hubner, J, Gutierrez, N, Takeda, S, Goldmann, DA, Pier, GB. Isolation and characterization of transposon mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis deficient in capsular polysaccharide/adhesion and slime. Infect Immun 1993;61:551558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46. Timmerman, CP, Fleer, A, Besnier, JM, De Graaf, L, Cremers, F, Verhoef, J. Characterization of a proteinaceous adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis which mediates attachment of polystyrene. Infect Immun 1991;59:41874192.Google Scholar
47. Foster, TJ, McDevitt, D. Molecular basis of adherence of staphylococci to biomaterials. In: Bisno, AL, Waldvogel, FA, eds. Infections Associated With Indwelling Medical Devices. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1994:3144.Google Scholar
48. Hassain, M, Wilcox, MH, White, PJ. The slime of coagulase-negative staphylococci: biochemistry and relation to adherence. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1993;104:191208.Google Scholar
49. Mack, D, Nedelmann, M, Krokotsch, A, Schwarzkopf, A, Heesemann, J, Laufs, R. Characterization of transposon mutants of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis impaired in the accumulative phase of biofilm production: genetic identification of a hexosamine-containing polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. Infect Immun 1994;62:32443253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50. Costerton, JW, Lappin-Scott, MH. Behavior of bacteria in biofilms. ASM News 1989;55:650654.Google Scholar
51. Darouiche, RO, Dhir, A, Miller, AJ, Landon, GC, Raad, II, Musher, DM. Vancomycin penetration into biofilm covering infected prostheses and effects on bacteria. J Infect Dis 1994;170:720723.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52. Anwar, H, Dasgupta, MK, Costerton, JW. Testing the susceptibility of bacteria in biofilms to antibacterial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:20432046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53. Gilbert, P, Brown, MRW, Collier, PJ. Influence of growth rate on susceptibility to antimicrobial agents: biofilms, cell cycle, dormancy, and stringent response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:18651868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54. Nichols, WW, Evans, MJ, Slack, MPE, Walmsley, HL. The penetration of antibiotics into aggregates of mucoid and non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa . J Gen Microbiol 1989;135:12911303.Google Scholar
55. Anwar, H, Strap, JL, Costerton, JW. Establishment of aging biofilms: possible mechanism of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;36:13471351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56. Johnson, GM, Lee, DA, Regelmann, WE, Gray, ED, Peters, G, Quie, PG. Interference with granulocyte function by Staphylococcus epidermidis slime. Infect Immun 1986;54:1320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57. Kuusela, P, Vartio, T, Vuento, M, Myhre, EB. Attachment of staphylococci and streptococci on fibronectin, fibronectin fragments, and fibrinogen bound to a solid phase. Infect Immun 1985;50:7781.Google Scholar
58. Johnson, GM, Regelmann, WE, Gray, ED, Peters, G, Quie, PG. Staphylococcal slime and host defenses: effect on polymorphonuclear granulocytes. In: Pulverer, G, Quie, PG, Peters, G, eds. Pathogenicity and Clinical Significance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag; 1987:3343.Google Scholar
59. Gray, ED, Peters, G, Verstegen, M, Regelmann, WE. Effect of extracellular slime substance from Staphylococcus epidermidis on the human cellular immune response. Lancet 1984;i:365367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
60. Gray, ED, Regelmann, WE, Peters, G. Staphylococcal slime and host defenses: effect on lymphocytes and immune function. In: Pulverer, G, Quie, PG, Peters, G, eds. Pathogenicity and Clinical Significance of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1987:4554.Google Scholar
61. Davenport, DS, Massanari, RM, Pfaller, MA, Bale, MJ, Streed, SA, Hierholzer, WJ Jr Usefulness of a test for slime production as a marker for clinically significant infections with coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Infect Dis 1986;153:332339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62. Younger, JJ, Christensen, GD, Bartley, DL, Simmons, JCH, Barrett, FF. Coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from cerebrospinal fluid shunts: importance of slime production, species identification, and shunt removal to clinical outcome. J Infect Dis 1987;156:548554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63. Diaz-Mitoma, F, Harding, GKM, Hoban, DJ, Roberts, RS, Low, DE. Clinical significance of a test for slime coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Infect Dis 1987;156:555560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64. Deighton, MA, Fleming, VA, Wood, CJ. Slime production by coagulase-negative staphylococci causing single and recurrent episodes of peritonitis. In: Wadstrom, T, Eliasson, I, Holder, I, Ljungh, A, eds. Pathogenesis of Wound and Biomaterial Associated Infections. London, England: Springer-Verlag, 1990:465478.Google Scholar
65. Kristinsson, KG, Spencer, RC, Brown, CB. Clinical importance of production of slime by coagulase-negative staphylococci in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Pathol 1986;39:117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66. Beaman, M, Solaro, L, Adu, D, Michael, J. Peritonitis caused by slime-producing coagulase-negative staphylococci in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Lancet 1987;i:42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
67. Christensen, GD, Baldassarri, L, Simpson, WA. Colonization of medical devices by coagulase-negative staphylococci. In: Bisno, AL, Waldvogel, FA, eds. Infections Associated With Indwelling Medical Devices. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology; 1994:4578.Google Scholar
68. Krogfelt, KA. Bacterial adhesion: genetics, biogenetics, and role in pathogenesis of fimbrial adhesions of Escherichia coli . Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:721735.Google Scholar
69. Weir, DM. Carbohydrates as recognition molecules in infection and immunity. FEMS Microbiol Immunol 1989;47:331340.Google Scholar
70. Hacker, J. Role of fimbrial adhesins in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli infections. Can J Microbiol 1992;38:720727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71. Orndorff, PE. Escherichia coli type 1 pili. In: Miller, VL, Kaper, JB, Portnoy, DA, Isberg, RR, eds. Molecular Genetics of Bacterial Pathogenesis. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1994:91111.Google Scholar
72. Lomberg, H, Hanson, LA, Jacobsson, B, Jodal, U, Leffler, H, Eden, CS. Correlation of P blood group, vesicoureteral reflux, and bacterial attachment in patients with recurrent pyelonephritis. N Engl J Med 1983;308:11891192.Google Scholar
73. Johnson, JR, Orskov, I, Orskov, F, et al. O, K, and H antigens predict virulence factors, carboxylesterase B pattern, antimicrobial resistance, and host compromising factors among Escherichia coli strains causing urosepsis. J Infect Dis 1994;169:119126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74. Johnson, JR, Roberts, PL, Stamm, W. P fimbriae and other virulence factors in Escherichia coli urosepsis: association with patient's characteristics. J Infect Dis 1987;156:225229.Google Scholar
75. Otto, G, Sandberg, T, Marklund, BI, Ulleryd, P, Svanborg, C. Virulence factors and pap genotype in Escherichia coli isolates from women with acute pyelonephritis with or without bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:448456.Google Scholar
76. Smith, HW, Lingwood, MA. Observations on the pathogenic properties of the K88, HLY, and ENT plasmids of Escherichia coli with particular reference to porcine diarrhea. J Med Microbiol 1972;5:243250.Google Scholar
77. Donnenberg, MS, Tacket, CO, James, SP, et al. Role of the eaeA gene in experimental enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection. J Clin Invest 1993;92:14121417.Google Scholar
78. Donnenberg, MS, Tzipori, S, McKee, ML, O'Brien, AD, Alroy, J, Kaper, JB. The role of the eae gene of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in intimate attachment in vitro and in a porcine model. J Clin Invest 1993;92:14181424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79. Abraham, SN, Beachey, EH. Host defenses against adhesion of bacteria to mucosal surfaces. In: Gallin, JI, Fauci, AC, eds. Advances in Host Defense Mechanisms. Vol 4. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1985:6388.Google Scholar
80. Rutter, JM, Jones, GW. Protection against enteric disease caused by Escherichia coli. A model for vaccination with a virulence determinant. Nature 1973;242:531532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
81. Silverblatt, FJ, Weinstein, R, Rene, P. Protection against experimental pyelonephritis by antibody to pili. Scand J Infect Dis 1982;33(suppl):7982.Google ScholarPubMed
82. Roberts, JA, Hardaway, K, Kaack, B, Fussel, EH, Baskin, G. Prevention against pyelonephritis by immunization with p-fimbriae. J Urol 1984;131:602608.Google Scholar
83. Abraham, SN, Hasty, DL, Simpson, WA, Beachey, EH. Antiadhesive properties of a quaternary structure specific hydridoma antibody against type I fimbriae of Escherichia coli . J Exp Med 1983;158:11141128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar