We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
1.Robinson, W. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus. In: Mandell, GL, Douglas, RG, Bennett, JE, Eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases.3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1990:1204–1231.Google Scholar
2
2.Centers for Disease Control. ACIP: recommendations for protection against viral hepatitis. MMWR.1985;34:313–335.Google Scholar
3
3.Centers for Disease Control. Guidelines for prevention of transmission of human immuondeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to health care and public-safety workers. MMWR.1989;38:3–35.Google Scholar
3
3.Jagger, J, Hunt, EH, Brand-Elnaggar, J, Pearson, RD. Rates of needlestick injury caused by various devices in a university hospital. N Engl J Med.1988;319:284–288.Google Scholar
5
5.Seeff, LB, Wright, EC, Zimmerman, HJ, et al.Type B hepatitis after needlestick exposure: prevention with hepatitis B immune globulin. Ann Intern Med.1978;88:285–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6
6.Werner, BG, Grady, GE, Accidental hepatitis-B-surface-antigen-positive inoculations: use of e antigen to estimate infectivity. Ann Intern Med.1982;97:367–369.Google Scholar
7
7.Davis, LG, Weber, DJ, Lemon, SM. Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus. Lanced. 1989;1:889–894.Google Scholar
8
8.Bancroft, WH, Snitbhan, R, Scott, RM, et al.Transmission of hepatitis B virus to gibbons by exposure to human saliva containing hepatitis B surface antigen. Infect Dis.1977;135:79–85.Google Scholar
9
9.Osterholm, MT, Bravo, ER, Cmsson, JT. Polisky, HF, Hanson, M. Lack of transmission of viral hepatitis type B after oral exposure to HBsAg-positive saliva. Br Med J.1979;2:1263–1264.Google Scholar
10
10.Glaser, JB, Nadler, JP. Hepatitis B virus in a cardiopulmonary resuscitation training course: risk of transmission from a surface antigen-positive participant. Arch Intern. Med.1985;145:1653–1655.Google Scholar
11
11.Osterholm, MT, Max, BJ, Hanson, M, et al.Potential risk of salivary-mediated viral hepatitis type B transmission from oral exposure to fomites. J Hyg Camb.1979;83:487–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12
12.Cancio-Bello, TP, de Medina, M, Shorey, J, Valledor, MD, Schiff, ER. An institutional outbreak of hepatitis B related to a human biting carrier. J Infect Dis.1982;146:652–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13
13.Bond, WW, Favero, MS, Petersen, NJ, Gravelle, CR, Eben, JW, Maynard, JE. Survival of hepatitis B virus after drying and storage for one week. Lancet. 1981;1:550–551.Google Scholar
14
14.Centers for Disease Control. Hepatitis B associated with jet gun infection-California. MMWR.1986;35:373–376.Google Scholar
15
15.Morris, IM, Cattle, DS, Smits, BJ. Endoscopy and transmission of hepatitis B. Lancet.1975;2:1152.Google Scholar
16
16.Oren, I, Hershow, RC, Ben-Porath, E, et al.A common-source outbreak of fulminant hepatitis B in a hospital. Ann Intern Med.1989;110:691–698.Google Scholar
17
17.Lauer, JL, VanDrunen, NA, Washburn, JW, Balfour, HHJr.Transmission of Hepatitis B virus in clinical laboratory areas. J Infect Dis.1979;140:513–516.Google Scholar
18
18.Pattison, CP, Boyer, KM, Maynard, JE, Kelly, PC. Epidemic hepatitis in a clinical laboratory: possible association with computer card handling. JAMA.1974;230:854–857.Google Scholar
19
19.Alter, HJ, Chalmers, TC, Freeman, BM, et al.Health-care workers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: are their contacts at risk?N Engl J Med.1975;292:454–457.Google Scholar
20
20.Grob, PJ, Bischof, B, Naeff, F. Cluster of hepatitis B transmitted by a physician. Lancet. 1981;2:1218–1220.Google Scholar
21
21.Grob, PJ, Moeschlin, P. Risk to contacts of a medical practitioner carrying HBsAg. New Engl J Med1975;293:197.Google Scholar
22
22.Levin, ML, Maddrey, WC, Wands, JR, Mendeloff, Al. Hepatitis B transmission by dentists. JAMA.1974;1228:1139–1140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23
23.Hadler, SC, Sorley, DL, Aeree, KH, et al.An outbreak of hepatitis B in a dental practice. Ann Intern Med.1981;95:133–138.Google Scholar
24
24.Rimland, D, Parkin, WE, Miller, GB, Schrack, WD. Hepatitis B outbreak traced to an oral surgeon. N Engl J Med1977;296:953–958.Google Scholar
25
25.Centers for Disease Control. Outbreak of hepatitis B associated with an oral surgeon-New Hampshire. MMWR.1987;36:132–133.Google Scholar
26
26.Lettau, LA, Smith, JD, Williams, D, et al.Transmission of hepatitis B with resultant restriction of surgical practice. JAMA.1986;255:934–937.Google Scholar
27
27.Garibaldi, RA, Rasmussen, CM, Holmes, AW, Gregg, MD. Hospital-acquired serum hepatitis: report of an outbreak. JAMA.1972;219:1577–1580.Google Scholar
28
28.Hilleman, MR. Yeast recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Infection.1987;15:3–7.Google Scholar
29
29.Francis, DP, Hadler, SC, Thompson, SE, et al.The prevention of hepatitis B with vaccine: report of the centers for disease control multi-center efficacy trial among homosexual men. Ann Intern Med.1982;97:362–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30
30.Szmuness, W, Stevens, CE. Zang, EA, Harley, EJ, Kellner, A. A controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax B): a final report. Hepatology.1981;1:377–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31
31.Szmuness, W, Stevens, CE, Harley, EJ, et al.Hepatitis B vaccine: demonstration of efficacy in a controlled clinical trial in a high-risk population m the United States. N Engl J Med1980;303:833–841.Google Scholar
32
32.Dienstag, JL, Werner, BG, Polk, BF, et al.Hepatitis B vaccine in health care personnel: safety, immunogenicity, and indicators of efficacy. Ann Intern Med.1984;101:34–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33
33.Szmuness, W, Stevens, CE, Harley, EJ, et al.Hepatitis B vaccine in medical staff of hemodialysis units: efficacy and subtype cross-protection. N Engl J Med.1982;307:1481–1486.Google Scholar
34
34.Horowitz, MM, Ershler, WB, McKinney, WP, Battiola, RJ. Duration of immunity after hepatitis B vaccination: efficacy of low-dose booster vaccine. Ann Intern Med.1988;108:185–189.Google Scholar
35
35.Craven, DE, Awdeh, ZL, Kunches, LM, et al.Nonresponsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine in health care workers. Ann Intern Med.1986;105:356–360.Google Scholar
36
36.de Lalla, F, Rinaldi, E, Santoro, D, et al.Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine given at different injection sites and by different routes: a controlled randomized study. Eur J Epidemiol.1988;4:256–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37
37.Hollinger, FB. Factors influencing the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine, booster dose guidelines, and vaccine protocol recommendations. Am J Med.1989;87:3A–36S-3A-40S.Google Scholar
38
38.Laplanche, A, Courouce, AM, Benhamou, E, Jungers, P, Crosmer, J. Responses to hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet.1982;1:222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39
39.Pasko, MT, Bartholomew, WR, Beam, TR, Amsterdam, D, Cunningham, EE. Long-term evaluation of the hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax-B) in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis.1988;11:326–331.Google Scholar
40
40.Seaworth, B, Drucker, J, Starling, J, Drucker, R, Stevens, C, Hamilton, J. Hepatitis B vaccines in patients with chronic renal failure before dialysis. J Infect Dis.1988;157:332–337.Google Scholar
41
41.Collier, AC, Corey, L, Murphy, VL, Handsheld, HH. Antibody to human itnmunodeficiency virus (HIV) and suboptimal response to hepatitis B vaccination. Ann Intern Med.1988;109:101–105.Google Scholar
42
42.Mannucci, PM, Zanetti, AR, Gringeri, A, et al.Long-term immuno-genicity of a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative hemophiliacs. Arch Intern Med.1989; 149:1333–1337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43
43.Zanetti, AR, Mannucci, PM, Tanzi, E, et al.Hepatitis B vaccination of 113 hemophiliacs: lower antibody response in anti-LAVIHTLV-III-positive patients. Am J Hematol.1986;23:339–345.Google Scholar
44
44.Stevens, CE, Taylor, PE, Tong, MJ, et al.Yeast-recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: efficacy with hepatitis B immune globulin in prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission. JAMA.1987;257:2612–2616.Google Scholar
45
45.Szmuness, W, Oleszko, WR, Stevens, CE, Goodman, A. Passive-active immunization against hepatitis B: immunogenicity studies in adult Americans. Lancet.1981;1:575–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46
46.Gerety, RJ, Ellis, RW, Zajac, BA, West, DJ. Two superb vaccines against hepatitis B in Mexican standoff. JAMA.1988;259:2402–2404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47
47.Hadler, SC, Francis, DP, Maynard, JE, et al.Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men. N Engl J Med.1986;315:209–214.Google Scholar
48
48.Krugman, S, Davidson, M. Hepatitis B vaccine: prospects for duration of immunity. Yale J Biol Med1987;60:333–338.Google Scholar
49
49.Andre, FE, Safary, A. Clinical Experience with a yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine. In: Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease. New York, NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc;1988;1025–1030.Google Scholar
50
50.Bergamini, F, Zanetti, A. Immunogenicity of yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccines in young adults. Postgrad Med J.1987;63(suppl 2): 137–138.Google Scholar
51
51.Davidson, M, Krugman, S. Recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine compared with plasma-derived vaccine: immunogenicity and effect of a booster dose. J Infect1986; 13(suppl A):31–38.Google Scholar
52
52.Crovari, P, Crovari, PC, Petrilli, RC, leardi, GC, Bonanni, P, Immunogenicity of a yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B) in healthy young adults. Postgrad Med J.1987;63(suppl 2):161–164.Google Scholar
53
53.Dandolos, E, Roumeliotou-Karayannis, A, Richardson, SC, Papaevan-gelov, G. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. J Med Virol.1985;17:57–62.Google Scholar
54
54.Hollinger, FB, Troisi, CL, Pepe, PE. Anti-HBs responses to vaccination with a human hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinant DNA technology in yeast. J Infect Dis.1986;153:156–159.Google Scholar
55
55.Just, M, Berger, R, Just, V. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine compared with a plasma-derived vaccine in young adults. Postgrad Med J.1987;63(suppl 2):l2l–l23.Google Scholar
56
56.Scheiermann, N, Gesemann, KM, Kreuzfelder, E, Paar, D. Effects of a recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults. Postgrad Med J.1987;63(suppl 2):115–119.Google Scholar
57
57.Andre, FE. Summary of safety and efficacy data on a yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine. Am J Med.1989;3A–14S-3A-20S.Google Scholar
58
58.Bruguera, A, Cremades, M, Mayor, A, Sanchez Tapies, JM, Rodes, J. Immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Postgrad Med J.1987;63(suppl 2):155–158.Google Scholar
59
59.Jilg, W, Schmidt, M, Deinhardt, F. Four-year experience with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Infection.1989;17:70–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60
60.Shaw, FEJr., Graham, DJ, Guess, HA, et al.Postmarketing surveillance for neurologic adverse events reported after hepatitis B vaccination: experience of the first three years. Am J Epidemiol.1988;127:337–352.Google Scholar
61
61.Brightman, CAJ, Scadding, GK, Dumbreck, LA, Latchman, Y, Brostoff, J. Yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine and yeast sensitivity. Lancet.1989;2:903.Google Scholar
62
62.Wiedermann, G, Scheiner, O, Ambrosch, F, et al.Lack of induction of IgE and IgG antibodies to yeast in humans immunized with recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Int Arch Allergy Appi Immunol.1988;85:130–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63
63.Hackenberger, F. Thiomersal. In: Dukes, MNG, ed. Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: An Encyclopedia of Adverse Reactions and Interaction. Elsevier NY;1984:430.Google Scholar
64
64.Wismans, P, van Hattum, J, Stelling, T, Poel, J, de Gast, GC. Effect of supplementary vaccination in healthy non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination. Hepatogastroenterology. 1988;35:78–79.Google Scholar
65
65.Ambrosch, F, Frisch-Niggemeyer, W, Kremsner, P, et al.Persistence of vaccine-induced antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen and the need for booster vaccination in adult subject. Postgrad Med J.1987;63(suppl 2):129–135.Google Scholar
66
66.Jilg, W, Schmidt, M, Deinhardt, F, Zachoval, R. Hepatitis B vaccination: how long does protection last?Lancet.1984;2:458.Google Scholar
67
67.Laplanche, A, Courouce, AM, Benhamou, E, Jungers, P. Timing of hepatitis B revaccination in healthy adults. Lancet.1987;1:1206–1207.Google Scholar
68
68.Nommensen, FE, Go, ST, McLaren, DM. Half-life of HBs antibody after hepatitis B vaccination: an aid to timing of booster vaccination. Lancet.1989;2:847–849.Google Scholar
69
69.Jilg, W, Schmidt, M, Deinhardt, F. Immune response to hepatitis B revaccination. J Med Virol.1988;24:377–384.Google Scholar
70
70.Matsaniotis, N, Kattamis, C, Laskari, S, Tzeti, M, Markosoglou, D. When should at-risk patients with thalassaemia be boosted with hepatitis B vaccine?Lancet.1987;1:1321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71
71.Wismans, PJ, van Hattum, J, Mudde, GC, Endeman, HJ, Poel, J, de Gast, CC. Is booster injection with hepatitis B vaccine necessary in healthy responders? A study of the immune response. J Hepatol.1989;8:236–240.Google Scholar
72
72.Wilhams, WW, Preblub, SR, Reichelderfer, PS, Hadler, SC. Vaccines of importance in the hospital setting. Infect Disease Clin North Am.1989;3:701–722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73
73.Snyder, MB. Management of health care workers remotely vaccinated for hepatitis B who sustain significant blood and body fluid exposures. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.1988;9:462–464.Google Scholar
74
74.Wahl, M, Hermodsson, S, Iwarson, S. Hepatitis B vaccination with short dose intervals-a possible alternative for post-exposure prophylaxis?Infect1988;16:229–232.Google Scholar
75
75.Jilg, W, Schmidt, M, Deinhardt, F. Prolonged immunity after late booster doses of hepatitis B vaccine. J Infect Dis.1988;157:1267–1269.Google Scholar
76
76.Irving, WL, Adler, M, Kurtz, JB, Juel-Jensen, B. Intradermal vaccination against hepatitis B. Lancet.1986;2:1340.Google Scholar
77
77.Pathak, UN, Diuawari, JB, Chawla, Y, Sokhey, CS, Sharma, BK, Ganguly, NK. Immunogenicity and side effects of low dose intradermally administered hepatitis B vaccine. Indian J Gastroenterol.1988;7:113–114.Google Scholar
78
78.Rajadhyaksh, KP, Haridas, V, Plumber, ST, et al.Efficacy of low-dose intradermal hepatitis B vaccine. Indian J Gastroenterol1988;7:111–112.Google Scholar
79
79.Miller, KD, Gibbs, RD, Mulligan, MM, et al.Intradermal hepatitis B virus vaccine: immunogenicity and side-effects in adults. Lancet.1983;2:1454–1456.Google Scholar
80
80.Redfield, RR, Innis, BL, Scott, RM, et al.Clinical evaluation of low-dose administered hepatitis b virus vaccine: a cost reduction strategy. JAMA.1985;254:3203–3206.Google Scholar
81
81.Clarke, JA, Hollinger, FB, Lewis, E, Russell, LA, Miller, CH, Huntley, A, et al.Intradermal inoculation with Heptavax-B: immune response and histologic evaluation of injection sites. JAMA.1989;262:2567–2571.Google Scholar
82
82.Zuckerman, AJ. Appraisal of intradermal immunization against hepatitis B. Lancet.1987;1:435–436.Google Scholar
83
83.Zoulek, GTLorbeer, B, Jilg, W, Deinhardt, F. Evaluation of a reduced dose of hepatitis B vaccine administered intradermally. J Med Virol.1984;14:27–32.Google Scholar
84
84.Zoulek, G, Lorbeer, B, Jilg, W, Deinhardt, F. Persistence of anti-HBs after intradermal inoculation of reduced doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet.1984;2:983–984.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85
85.Halsey, NA, Reppert, EJ, Margohs, HS, Francis, DP, fields, HA. Intradermal hepatitis B vaccination in an abbreviated schedule. Vaccine.1986;4:228–232.Google Scholar
86
86.Sielko, DG, Anda, RF, McGee, HB, et al.Hepatitis B vaccination programs for hospital workers: results of a statewide survey. Am J Infect Control1988;16:193–197.Google Scholar
87
87.Scapa, E, Karpuch, J, Waron, M, Eshchar, J. Attitude of hospital personnel toward hepatitis B vaccination. Am J Gastroenterol.1989;84:400–402.Google Scholar
88
88.Anderson, AC, Hodges, GR. Acceptance of hepatitis B vaccine among high-risk health care workers. Am J Infect Control.1983;11:207–211.Google Scholar
89
89.Centers for Disease Control. ACIP: update on hepatitis B prevention. MMWR.1987;36:353–366.Google Scholar
90
90.Hanacik, LJ, Franson, TR, Gollup, JD, Rytel, MW. Implementing a successful hepatitis B vaccination program. Infect Control. 1985;6:306–309.Google Scholar
91
91.Levy, BS, Harris, JC, Smith, JL, et al.Hepatitis B in ward and clinical laboratory employees of a general hospital. Am J Epidemiol.1977;106:330–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92
92.Dienstag, JL, Ryan, DM. Occupational exposure to hepatitis B virus in hospital personnel: infection or immunization?Am J Epidemiol.1982;115:26–39.Google Scholar
93
93.Harris, IR, Finger, RF. Kobavashi, TM. et al.The low risk of heoatitis B in rural hospitals: results of ‘a se&epidemiologic survey. JAMA.1984;252:3270–3272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
94
94.Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens; proposed rule and notice of hearing. Federal Register.54:23042–23139.Google Scholar
95
95.Centers for Disease Control. Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, heoatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health care settings. MMWR.1988;37:377–388.Google Scholar